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Biomass for Energy Application

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A4: Bio-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 39129

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Prof. Dr. David Herak

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: biosystems engineering; agricultural engineering; energy; FEM; CAD; design of machines
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Considering new worldwide regulations related to the minimization of fossil fuel utilization to eliminate negative impacts on global warming and prevent the exhaustion of the resources, the utilization of biomass for energy application has become one of the most common forms of renewable energy. The development of the utilization of renewable resources has raised a number of other tasks and constraints linked to the nature of renewable resources, including the treatment, processing, conversion, and applied technologies, and, thus, a large number of critical views on this issue.

Therefore, the target of this Special Issue, entitled “Biomass for Energy Application”, of the international journal Energies, which is an SSCI and SCIE journal (2018 IF=2.707), is to critically describe the utilization of biomass for energy applications. This Special Issue mainly covers original research and studies related to the above-mentioned topics, including, but not limited to, thermochemical conversion (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification), biological conversion (fermentation, anaerobic digestation), physical conversion (pelletizing, densification, extraction), and so on. Papers selected for this Special Issue are subject to a rigorous peer review procedure with the aim of rapid and wide dissemination of research results, developments, and applications.

I am writing to invite you to submit your original work to this Special Issue. I am looking forward to receiving your outstanding research.

Prof. Dr. David Herak
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Pre-treatment and treatment
Physical conversion
Chemical conversion
Thermochemical conversion
Biological conversion
Fermentation
Extraction
Anaerobic digestation
Densification
Torrefaction
Pyrolysis

Published Papers (13 papers)

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17 pages, 4661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coproduction of Furfural, Phenolated Lignin and Fermentable Sugars from Bamboo with One-Pot Fractionation Using Phenol-Acidic 1,4-Dioxane

by Li Ji, Pengfei Li, Fuhou Lei, Xianliang Song, Jianxin Jiang and Kun Wang

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5294; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205294 - 12 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

A one-pot fractionation method of Moso bamboo into hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose streams was used to produce furfural, phenolated lignin, and fermentable sugars in the acidic 1,4-dioxane system. Xylan was depolymerized to furfural at a yield of 93.81% of the theoretical value; however, the prolonged processing time (5 h) led to a high removal ratio of glucan (37.21%) in the absence of phenol. The optimum moderate condition (80 °C for 2 h with 2.5% phenol) was determined through the high fractionation efficiency. Consequently, 77.28% of xylan and 84.83% of lignin were removed and presented in the hydrolysate, while 91.08% of glucan was reserved in the solid portion. The formation of furfural from xylan remained high, with a yield of 92.92%. The extracted lignin was phenolated with an increasing content of phenolic hydroxyl. The fractionated lignin yield was 51.88%, which suggested this could be a low-cost raw material to product the activated carbon fiber precursor. The delignified pulp was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and the glucose yield reached up to 99.03% of the theoretical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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27 pages, 8099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proof-of-Concept of High-Pressure Torrefaction for Improvement of Pelletized Biomass Fuel Properties and Process Cost Reduction

by Bartosz Matyjewicz, Kacper Świechowski, Jacek A. Koziel and Andrzej Białowiec

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4790; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184790 - 14 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2509

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive description of the new approach to biomass torrefaction under high-pressure conditions. A new type of laboratory-scale high-pressure reactor was designed and built. The aim of the study was to compare the high-pressure torrefaction with conventional near atmospheric pressure torrefaction. Specifically, we investigated the torrefaction process influence on the fuel properties of wooden-pellet for two different pressure regimes up to 15 bar. All torrefaction processes were conducted at 300 °C, at 30 min of residence time. The initial analysis of the increased pressure impact on the torrefaction parameters: mass yields, energy densification ratio, energy yield, process energy consumption, the proximate analysis, high heating value, and energy needed to grind torrefied pellets was completed. The results show that high-pressure torrefaction needed up to six percent less energy, whereas energy densification in the pellet was ~12% higher compared to conventional torrefaction. The presence of pressure during torrefaction did not have an impact on the energy required for pellet grinding (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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19 pages, 2441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Forces, Particle Sizes, and Moisture Contents on Mechanical Behaviour of Densified Briquettes from Ground Sunflower Stalks and Hazelnut Husks

by Cimen Demirel, Gürkan Alp Kağan Gürdil, Abraham Kabutey and David Herak

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2542; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102542 - 17 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2244

Abstract

Using the uniaxial compression process, the mechanical behaviour of densified briquettes from ground sunflower stalks and hazelnut husks was studied under different forces (100, 200, 300, and 400 kN), particle sizes (0, 3, 6, and 10 mm), and moisture contents (sunflower; 11.23%, 14.44%, and 16.89% w.b.) and (hazelnut; 12.64%, 14.83%, and 17.34% w.b.) at a constant speed of 5 mm min⁻¹. For each test, the biomass material was compacted at a constant volume of 28.27 × 10⁻⁵ m³ using a 60 mm-diameter vessel. Determined parameters included densification energy (J), hardness (kN·mm⁻¹), analytical densification energy (J), briquette volume (m³), bulk density of materials (kg·m⁻³), briquette bulk density (kg·m⁻³), and briquette volume energy (J·m⁻³). The ANOVA multivariate tests of significance results showed that for ground sunflower stalk briquettes, the force and particle size interactions had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the above-mentioned parameters compared to the categorical factors, which had a significant effect (p < 0.05) similar to the effects of forces, moisture contents, and their interactions. For ground hazelnut husk briquettes, all the factors and their interactions had a significant effect on the determined parameters. These biomass materials could be attractive for the briquette market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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15 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Potential for Combustion of Biofuels in Grate Furnaces

by Małgorzata Wzorek

Energies 2020, 13(8), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081951 - 15 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1784

Abstract

The paper assesses the impact of combustion of biofuels produced based on municipal sewage sludge in stoker-fired boilers on the amount of pollutant emissions and examines the tendency of ash deposition of biofuels formed during the combustion process. The combustion tests were performed in a laboratory system enabling simulation of a combustion process present in stoker-fired boilers. The study was conducted for three types of biofuels; i.e., fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime (PBS fuel), sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM fuel) and fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT) with particle size of 35 mm and 15 mm. This paper describes and compares the combustion process of biofuels with different granulation and composition and presents the results of changes in emission values of NO_x, SO₂, CO, and CO₂. The emission results were compared with the corresponding results obtained during combustion of hard coal. The results showed that biofuels with lower particle sizes were ignited faster and the shortest ignition time is achieved for fuel based on sewage sludge and coal slime-PBS fuel. Also, the highest NO and SO₂ emissions were obtained for PBS fuel. During the combustion of fuel based on sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM), on the other hand, the highest CO₂ emissions were observed for both granulations. Biofuels from sludge show a combustion process that is different compared to the one for hard coal. The problems of ash fouling, slagging, and deposition during biofuels combustion were also identified. The tendency for ash slagging and fouling is observed, especially for fuel from sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM) and fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT) ashes which consist of meat and bone meal and sawdust which is typical for biomass combustion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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17 pages, 491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristic Properties of Alternative Biomass Fuels

by Martin Lisý, Hana Lisá, David Jecha, Marek Baláš and Peter Križan

Energies 2020, 13(6), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061448 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3464

Abstract

Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy sources because it enables energy accumulation and controlled production. With this, however, the demand for biofuels grows and thus there is an effort to expand their portfolio. Nevertheless, to use a broader range of biofuels, it is necessary to know their fuel properties, such as coarse and elemental analysis, or lower heating value. This paper presents the results of testing the fuel properties of several new, potentially usable biofuels, such as quinoa, camelina, crambe, and safflower, which are compared with some traditional biofuels (wood, straw, sorrel, hay). Moreover, the results of the determination of water content, ash, and volatile combustible content of these fuels are included, along with the results of the elemental analysis and the determination of higher and lower heating values. Based on these properties, it is possible to implement designs of combustion plants of different outputs for these fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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13 pages, 5480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Product Inhibition of Biological Hydrogen Production in Batch Reactors

by Subhashis Das, Rajnish Kaur Calay, Ranjana Chowdhury, Kaustav Nath and Fasil Ejigu Eregno

Energies 2020, 13(6), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061318 - 12 Mar 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3371

Abstract

In this paper, the inhibitory effects of added hydrogen in reactor headspace on fermentative hydrogen production from acidogenesis of glucose by a bacterium, Clostridium acetobutylicum, was investigated experimentally in a batch reactor. It was observed that hydrogen itself became an acute inhibitor of hydrogen production if it accumulated excessively in the reactor headspace. A mathematical model to simulate and predict biological hydrogen production process was developed. The Monod model, which is a simple growth model, was modified to take inhibition kinetics on microbial growth into account. The modified model was then used to investigate the effect of hydrogen concentration on microbial growth and production rate of hydrogen. The inhibition was moderate as hydrogen concentration increased from 10% to 30% (v/v). However, a strong inhibition in microbial growth and hydrogen production rate was observed as the addition of H₂ increased from 30% to 40% (v/v). Practically, an extended lag in microbial growth and considerably low hydrogen production rate were detected when 50% (v/v) of the reactor headspace was filled with hydrogen. The maximum specific growth rate (µ_max), substrate saturation constant (ks), a critical hydrogen concentration at which microbial growth ceased (H₂*) and degree of inhibition were found to be 0.976 h⁻¹, 0.63 ± 0.01 gL, 24.74 mM, and 0.4786, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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14 pages, 2630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Briquettes Production from Olive Mill Waste under Optimal Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Characterizations

by Saaida Khlifi, Marzouk Lajili, Saoussen Belghith, Salah Mezlini, Fouzi Tabet and Mejdi Jeguirim

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051214 - 06 Mar 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3278

Abstract

This paper aims at investigating the production of high quality briquettes from olive mill solid waste (OMSW) mixed with corn starch as a binder for energy production. For this purpose, different mass percentages of OMSW and binder were considered; 100%-0%, 90%-10%, 85%-15%, and 70%-30%, respectively. The briquetting process of the raw mixtures was carried out based on high pressures. Physico-chemical and mechanical characterizations were performed in order to select the best conditions for the briquettes production. It was observed that during the densification process, the optimal applied pressure increases notably the unit density, the bulk density, and the compressive strength. Mechanical characterization shows that the prepared sample with 15% of corn starch shows the best mechanical properties. Moreover, the corn starch binder affects quietly the high heating value (HHV) which increases from 16.36 MJ/Kg for the 100%-0% sample to 16.92 MJ/Kg for the 85%-15% sample. In addition, the kinetic study shows that the binder agent does not affect negatively the thermal degradation of the briquettes. Finally, the briquettes characterization shows that the studied samples with particles size less than 100 μm and blended with 15% of corn starch binder are promising biofuels either for household or industrial plants use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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11 pages, 5107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Ash Deposition Dynamic Process in an Industrial Biomass CFB Boiler Burning High-Alkali and Low-Chlorine Fuel

by Hengli Zhang, Chunjiang Yu, Zhongyang Luo and Yu’an Li

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051092 - 02 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2468

Abstract

The circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler is a mainstream technology of biomass combustion generation in China. The high flue gas flow rate and relatively low combustion temperature of CFB make the deposition process different from that of a grate furnace. The dynamic deposition process of biomass ash needs further research, especially in industrial CFB boilers. In this study, a temperature-controlled ash deposit probe was used to sample the deposits in a 12 MW CFB boiler. Through the analysis of multiple deposit samples with different deposition times, the changes in micromorphology and chemical composition of the deposits in each deposition stage can be observed more distinctively. The initial deposits mainly consist of particles smaller than 2 μm, caused by thermophoretic deposition. The second stage is the condensation of alkali metal. Different from the condensation of KCl reported by most previous literatures, KOH is found in deposits in place of KCl. Then, it reacts with SO₂, O₂ and H₂O to form K₂SO₄. In the third stage, the higher outer layer temperature of deposits reduces the condensation rate of KOH significantly. Meanwhile, the rougher surface of deposits allowed more calcium salts in fly ash to deposit through inertial impact. Thus, the elemental composition of deposits surface shows an overall trend of K decreasing and Ca increasing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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25 pages, 6794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Degradation Kinetics and FT-IR Analysis on the Pyrolysis of Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus leiophylla and Pinus montezumae as Forest Waste in Western Mexico

by José Juan Alvarado Flores, José Guadalupe Rutiaga Quiñones, María Liliana Ávalos Rodríguez, Jorge Víctor Alcaraz Vera, Jaime Espino Valencia, Santiago José Guevara Martínez, Francisco Márquez Montesino and Antonio Alfaro Rosas

Energies 2020, 13(4), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040969 - 21 Feb 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

For the first time, a study has been carried out on the pyrolysis of wood residues from Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus leiophylla and Pinus montezumae, from an area in Western México using TGA analysis to determine the main kinetic parameters (Ea and Z) at different heating rates in a N₂ atmosphere. The samples were heated from 25 °C to 800 °C with six different heating rates 5–30 °C min⁻¹. The Ea, was calculated using different widely known mathematical models such as Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose. The Ea value of 126.58, 123.22 and 112.72 kJ/mol (P. pseudostrobus), 146.15, 143.24 and 132.76 kJ/mol (P. leiophylla) and 148.12, 151.8 and 141.25 kJ/mol (P. montezumae) respectively, was found for each method. A variation in Ea with respect to conversion was observed with the three models used, revealing that pyrolysis of pines progresses through more complex, multi-stage kinetics. FT-IR spectroscopy was conducted to determine the functional groups present in the three species of conifers. This research will allow future decisions to be made, and possibly, to carry out this process in a biomass reactor and therefore the production of H₂ for the generation of energy through a fuel cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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15 pages, 3421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Bio-Briquette Fuel by Using Spent Coffee Ground as an External Additive

by Anna Brunerová, Hynek Roubík, Milan Brožek, Agus Haryanto, Udin Hasanudin, Dewi Agustina Iryani and David Herák

Energies 2020, 13(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010054 - 20 Dec 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4842

Abstract

The present study investigates the quality changes of wood bio-briquette fuel after the addition of spent coffee ground (SCG) into the initial feedstock materials (sawdust, shavings) in different mass ratios (1:1, 1:3). Analysis of SCGs fuel parameter proved great potential for energy generation by a process of direct combustion. Namely, level of calorific value (GCV = 21.58 MJ∙kg⁻¹), of ash content (Ac = 1.49%) and elementary composition (C = 55.49%, H = 7.07%, N = 2.38%, O = 33.41%) supports such statement. A comparison with results of initial feedstock materials exhibited better results of SCG in case of its calorific value and elementary composition. Bulk density ρ (kg·m⁻³) and mechanical durability DU (%) of bio-briquette samples from initial feedstock materials were following for sawdust: ρ = 1026.39 kg·m⁻³, DU = 98.44% and shavings: ρ = 1036.53 kg·m⁻³, DU = 96.70%. The level of such mechanical quality indicators changed after the addition of SCG. Specifically, SCG+sawdust mixtures achieved ρ = 1077.49 kg·m⁻³ and DU = 90.09%, while SCG + shavings mixtures achieved ρ = 899.44 kg·m⁻³ and DU = 46.50%. The addition of SCG increased wood bio-briquettes energy potential but decreased its mechanical quality. Consequently, the addition of SCG in wood bio-briquette has advantages, but its mass ratio plays an important key role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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17 pages, 1449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methane Yield Potential of Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deuter)) Established under Maize (Zea mays L.)

by Moritz von Cossel, Anja Mangold, Yasir Iqbal and Iris Lewandowski

Energies 2019, 12(24), 4680; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244680 - 09 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

This study reports on the effects of two rhizome-based establishment procedures ‘miscanthus under maize’ (MUM) and ‘reference’ (REF) on the methane yield per hectare (MYH) of miscanthus in a field trial in southwest Germany. The dry matter yield (DMY) of aboveground biomass was determined each year in autumn over four years (2016–2019). A biogas batch experiment and a fiber analysis were conducted using plant samples from 2016–2018. Overall, MUM outperformed REF due to a high MYH of maize in 2016 (7211 m³_N CH₄ ha⁻¹). The MYH of miscanthus in MUM was significantly lower compared to REF in 2016 and 2017 due to a lower DMY. Earlier maturation of miscanthus in MUM caused higher ash and lignin contents compared with REF. However, the mean substrate-specific methane yield of miscanthus was similar across the treatments (281.2 and 276.2 l_N kg⁻¹ volatile solid⁻¹). Non-significant differences in MYH 2018 (1624 and 1957 m³_N CH₄ ha⁻¹) and in DMY 2019 (15.6 and 21.7 Mg ha⁻¹) between MUM and REF indicate, that MUM recovered from biotic and abiotic stress during 2016. Consequently, MUM could be a promising approach to close the methane yield gap of miscanthus cultivation in the first year of establishment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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12 pages, 2055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Forestry Wood Waste for Bio-Energy Recovery Using Nano-Catalysts

by Cheng Li, Xiaochen Yue, Jun Yang, Yafeng Yang, Haiping Gu and Wanxi Peng

Energies 2019, 12(20), 3972; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203972 - 18 Oct 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2754

Abstract

Fast pyrolysis is envisioned as a promising technology for the utilization of forestry wood waste (e.g., widely available from tree logging) as resources. In this study, the potential of an innovative approach was explored to convert forestry wood waste of Vernicia fordii (VF) into energy products based on fast pyrolysis combined with nano-catalysts. The results from fast pyrolysis using three types of nano-catalysts showed that the distribution and composition of the pyrolytic product were affected greatly by the type of nano-catalyst employed. The use of nano-Fe₂O₃ and nano-NiO resulted in yields of light hydrocarbons (alkanes and olefins) as 38.7% and 33.2%, respectively. Compared to the VF sample, the use of VF-NiO and VF-Fe₂O₃ led to significant increases in the formation of alkanes (e.g., from 14% to 26% and 31%, respectively). In addition, the use of nano-NiO and nano-Fe₂O₃ catalysts was found to promote the formation of acid, aromatics, and phenols that can be used as chemical feedstocks. The NiO catalyst affected the bio-oil composition by promoting lignin decomposition for the formation of aromatics and phenolics, which were increased from 9.52% to 14.40% and from 1.65% to 4.02%, respectively. Accordingly, the combined use of nano-catalysts and fast pyrolysis can be a promising technique for bio-energy applications to allow efficient recovery of fuel products from forestry wood waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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21 pages, 12874 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bibliometric Analysis of Trends in Biomass for Bioenergy Research

by Giovanni Ferrari, Andrea Pezzuolo, Abdul-Sattar Nizami and Francesco Marinello

Energies 2020, 13(14), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143714 - 19 Jul 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3874

Abstract

This paper aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of publication trends on the themes of biomass and bioenergy worldwide. A wide range of studies have been performed in the field of the usage of biomass for energy production, in order to contribute to the green transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies. Over the past 20 years (from 2000 to 2019), approximately 10,000 articles have been published in the “Agricultural and Biological Sciences” field on this theme, covering all stages of production—from the harvesting of crops to the particular type of energy produced. Articles were obtained from the SCOPUS database and examined with a text mining tool in order to analyze publication trends over the last two decades. Publications per year in the bioenergy theme have grown from 91 in 2000 to 773 in 2019. In particular the analyses showed how environmental aspects have increased their importance (from 7.3% to 11.8%), along with studies related to crop conditions (from 10.4% to 18.6%). Regarding the use of energy produced, growing trends were recognized for the impact of biofuels (mentions moved from 0.14 times per article in 2000 to 0.38 in 2019) and biogases (from 0.14 to 0.42 mentions). Environmental objectives have guided the interest of researchers, encouraging studies on biomass sources and the optimal use of the energy produced. This analysis aims to describe the research evolution, providing an analysis that can be helpful to predict future scenarios and participation among stakeholders in the sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass for Energy Application)

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