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Fire
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Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering
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Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255). This special issue belongs to the section "Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Fire".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2024 | Viewed by 9374

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Fang Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Interests: building fire; fire dynamics; building ventilation; CFD; smoke control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Longxing Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
Interests: fire safety; fire simulation; tunnel fire
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shengzhong Zhao

E-Mail
Guest Editor
School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
Interests: tunnel fire; building ventilation; smoke control; FDS simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since building fire casualties are mainly caused by toxic smoke, research on indoor fire smoke control is important. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a platform to present the latest developments in building fire prevention and indoor smoke control and discuss their possible implications for associated regulations and standards. Original fundamental and applied research into experimental, theoretical and computational modeling and case studies that contribute towards the understanding and improvement of building fire prevention and indoor smoke control are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following topics：

  • Building fire dynamics;
  • Smoke characteristics, transport and control in buildings;
  • Performance-based design of building fire;
  • Fire modeling and simulation;
  • Human evacuation.

Prof. Dr. Fang Liu
Dr. Longxing Yu
Dr. Shengzhong Zhao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 7946 KiB  
Article
Building a Vision Transformer-Based Damage Severity Classifier with Ground-Level Imagery of Homes Affected by California Wildfires
by Kevin Luo and Ie-bin Lian
Fire 2024, 7(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7040133 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 336
Abstract
The increase in both the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters, coupled with recent advancements in artificial intelligence, has introduced prospects for investigating the potential of new technologies to facilitate disaster response processes. Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA), a labor-intensive procedure necessitating manual examination [...] Read more.
The increase in both the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters, coupled with recent advancements in artificial intelligence, has introduced prospects for investigating the potential of new technologies to facilitate disaster response processes. Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA), a labor-intensive procedure necessitating manual examination of residential structures to ascertain post-disaster damage severity, stands to significantly benefit from the integration of computer vision-based classification algorithms, promising efficiency gains and heightened accuracy. Our paper proposes a Vision Transformer (ViT)-based model for classifying damage severity, achieving an accuracy rate of 95%. Notably, our model, trained on a repository of over 18,000 ground-level images of homes with damage severity annotated by damage assessment professionals during the 2020–2022 California wildfires, represents a novel application of ViT technology within this domain. Furthermore, we have open sourced this dataset—the first of its kind and scale—to be used by the research community. Additionally, we have developed a publicly accessible web application prototype built on this classification algorithm, which we have demonstrated to disaster management practitioners and received feedback on. Hence, our contribution to the literature encompasses the provision of a novel imagery dataset, an applied framework from field professionals, and a damage severity classification model with high accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering)
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16 pages, 25950 KiB  
Article
Fire Protection of Steel Structures of Oil and Gas Facilities: Multilayer, Removable, Non-Combustible Covers
by Marina Gravit, Vasiliy Prusakov, Nikita Shcheglov and Irina Kotlyarskaya
Fire 2024, 7(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7030086 - 14 Mar 2024
Viewed by 810
Abstract
Fire protection is required to protect metal structures of oil and gas facilities from fires. Such fire protection should provide high fire resistance limits: 60, 90, 120 and more minutes. Specialists of LLC “RPC PROMIZOL ” developed a multilayer, removable type of fire [...] Read more.
Fire protection is required to protect metal structures of oil and gas facilities from fires. Such fire protection should provide high fire resistance limits: 60, 90, 120 and more minutes. Specialists of LLC “RPC PROMIZOL ” developed a multilayer, removable type of fire protection made of superfine basalt fibre and ceramic materials for operation in Arctic conditions. Five experimental studies were carried out in standard and hydrocarbon fire regimes. The fire protection effectiveness of the products for I20 beams without load was obtained: a 50 mm thick coating provided 130 min of a standard fire regime; a 15 mm thick coating provided 60 min. The 15 mm thick coating provided 30 min of a hydrocarbon fire regime and the 50 mm thick coating provided 93 min of a hydrocarbon fire regime. The I40 beam under a load of 19.9 tf showed an R243 for the standard fire regime. The coefficients of effective thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of fire-retardant compositions were determined by solving the inverse heat conduction problem. The problem was solved by modelling using the QuickField 7.0 software package, which implements FEM. Modelling showed that for obtaining the fire resistance limit R120 under the standard fire regime for the sample steel structure from an I40 beam, it is enough to apply fire protection with a thickness of 25 mm instead of 50 mm, which agrees with the experimental data. For the hydrocarbon regime, it is predicted that R120 can be obtained at a thickness of 45 mm instead of 50 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering)
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14 pages, 3125 KiB  
Article
A Case Study on the Evacuation of People during a Fire in the Workshop of a Large Factory
by Yuru Fan, Hao Cui, Jiawen Qin, Changcheng Liu and Que Huang
Fire 2024, 7(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7020047 - 06 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1425
Abstract
A workshop, as a crowded place, is quite easy to cause serious casualties and economic losses once there is a fire. In this paper, Pathfinder software was used to simulate fire emergency evacuation in a workshop of a large factory with building structural [...] Read more.
A workshop, as a crowded place, is quite easy to cause serious casualties and economic losses once there is a fire. In this paper, Pathfinder software was used to simulate fire emergency evacuation in a workshop of a large factory with building structural symmetry. According to the simulation results, several obstacles to the evacuation were discovered and further analyzed. The results showed that the main factors affecting the evacuation were the width of exits, the distribution of occupants and the effective evacuation width of stairs. Among them, only changing the width of exits had little influence on shortening evacuation time. While changing the effective evacuation width of stairs could greatly relieve the evacuation pressure, every increase of 0.5 m in the width of the staircase could shorten the evacuation time by 30.0 s. Meanwhile, the larger the number of people in high-rise buildings, the longer the evacuation time was. Therefore, the means of restricting people from entering the high-rise buildings in batches could be used to prevent personnel from being evacuated in time when a fire incident occurs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering)
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24 pages, 22209 KiB  
Article
Wildfire-Residential Risk Analysis Using Building Characteristics and Simulations to Enhance Structural Fire Resistance in Greece
by Dimitrios Menemenlis, Palaiologos Palaiologou and Kostas Kalabokidis
Fire 2023, 6(10), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6100403 - 19 Oct 2023
Viewed by 2707
Abstract
Urban areas adjacent to wildlands are very dangerous zones for residents and their properties during a wildfire event. We attempted to connect wildfire simulations with field inventories and surveys to create a framework that can be used to enhance the fire resistance of [...] Read more.
Urban areas adjacent to wildlands are very dangerous zones for residents and their properties during a wildfire event. We attempted to connect wildfire simulations with field inventories and surveys to create a framework that can be used to enhance the fire resistance of residential structures located in the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Legal restrictions and the lack of economic incentives for WUI residents greatly limit the potential to appropriately intervene to enhance their property’s fire resistance. By studying in situ the resilience of building materials and combining them with exposure metrics produced from wildfire simulations, we created an index that helps to assess fire risk at the property level. The proposed index can support property owners to optimally manage the vegetation near or inside their property. State agencies can use our proposed index to estimate with a consistent methodology which properties are more exposed and with higher risk from fire damage so that specific fuel and vegetation management practices on and around them can be suggested or enforced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering)
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18 pages, 3957 KiB  
Article
An Automated Fire Code Compliance Checking Jointly Using Building Information Models and Natural Language Processing
by Yukang Wang, Yue Liu, Haozhe Cai, Jia Wang and Xiaoping Zhou
Fire 2023, 6(9), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6090358 - 13 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Fire checking is indispensable for guaranteeing the fire safety of buildings as it reviews the compliance of the building with fire codes and regulations. Automated Compliance Checking (ACC) systems that check building data utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) against fire codes have emerged [...] Read more.
Fire checking is indispensable for guaranteeing the fire safety of buildings as it reviews the compliance of the building with fire codes and regulations. Automated Compliance Checking (ACC) systems that check building data utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) against fire codes have emerged as an active field of research. Substantial efforts have focused on analyzing the properties of the building components. However, the analysis of the spatial geometric relationships of building components has received inadequate attention. The present study proposes a novel ACC system leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to review the spatial geometric relationships of building components in BIM models. First, a framework for a BIM-based ACC system is delineated and decomposes ACC into three constituent subtasks: building model parsing, code knowledge translation, and compliance check result reporting. Second, an approach for structured processing of spatial geometric stipulations in fire codes using NLP is presented to review the geometric relationships between components in building models. Finally, the system’s performance is assessed by testing fire code compliance across various building types utilizing BIM models. The empirical findings demonstrate that the system achieves superior recall compared with the manually formulated gold standard, with the ACC system enabling quick, accurate, and comprehensive automated compliance checking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering)
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Review

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28 pages, 3749 KiB  
Review
Contemporary Fire Safety Engineering in Timber Structures: Challenges and Solutions
by Xiaowei Zang, Wei Liu, Dali Wu, Xuhai Pan, Wei Zhang, Haitao Bian and Ruiqi Shen
Fire 2024, 7(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7010002 - 20 Dec 2023
Viewed by 2234
Abstract
As environmental conservation and sustainability gain prominence globally, modern timber structures are receiving increased focus. Nonetheless, the combustible nature of timber raises significant fire safety concerns. This review explores the recent advancements in fire safety engineering for timber structures, emphasizing both contemporary high-rise [...] Read more.
As environmental conservation and sustainability gain prominence globally, modern timber structures are receiving increased focus. Nonetheless, the combustible nature of timber raises significant fire safety concerns. This review explores the recent advancements in fire safety engineering for timber structures, emphasizing both contemporary high-rise buildings and historical timber constructions. It covers topics like inherently safer design principles, fire risk prediction, and evacuation methodologies. The review emphasizes the criticality of selecting suitable materials, structural design, firefighting systems, and advanced sensor technologies for early fire detection. Additionally, we analyze and compares various evacuation strategies, offering insights into the challenges and future directions for fire safety in modern timber structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Fire Safety Engineering)
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