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Heritage
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Seismic Vulnerability Assessment for Heritage Buildings
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Seismic Vulnerability Assessment for Heritage Buildings

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408). This special issue belongs to the section "Architectural Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 20825

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Antonio Borri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
Interests: non-destructive testing; advanced experimental and numerical analysis; innovative strengthening techniques and earthquake engineering, with a focus on masonry and timber
Prof. Dr. Marco Corradi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Interests: masonry; earthquake engineering; conservation engineering; timber structures; composite materials; sustainability in construction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on issues of sustainability in the conservation, repair, and protection of built heritage in seismic areas.

The aim is to address the problem of conservation and protection of architectural heritage in areas where there is an important seismic hazard. The main topics of this Special Issue are the analysis of heritage masonry buildings, materials, and the application of retrofitting strategies which, while improving the seismic performance of historic buildings that are frequently listed by conservation bodies, will not significantly alter their appearance, are reversible, and fall within the principle of minimum intervention (minimal (least) intervention (or conservative repair)). These issues can be evaluated by considering the different points of view of structural engineers and conservators. In the past, irreversible damage to important buildings and monuments, and loss of architectural heritage has resulted from heavy structural-oriented interventions, as well as underestimation of the importance of structural safety for masonry monuments. The requirement of structural safety, especially for monuments located in seismic-prone areas, should be compared with the need for conservation.

Prof. Antonio Borri
Prof. Marco Corradi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Heritage is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 9546 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Geometric and Material Survey for the Conservation of Heritage Masonry Structures
by Michele Betti, Valentina Bonora, Luciano Galano, Eugenio Pellis, Grazia Tucci and Andrea Vignoli
Heritage 2021, 4(2), 585-611; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4020035 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3345
Abstract
This paper reports the knowledge process and the analyses performed to assess the seismic behavior of a heritage masonry building. The case study is a three-story masonry building that was the house of the Renaissance architect and painter Giorgio Vasari (the Vasari’s House [...] Read more.
This paper reports the knowledge process and the analyses performed to assess the seismic behavior of a heritage masonry building. The case study is a three-story masonry building that was the house of the Renaissance architect and painter Giorgio Vasari (the Vasari’s House museum). An interdisciplinary approach was adopted, following the Italian “Guidelines for the assessment and mitigation of the seismic risk of the cultural heritage”. This document proposes a methodology of investigation and analysis based on three evaluation levels (EL1, analysis at territorial level; EL2, local analysis and EL3, global analysis), according to an increasing level of knowledge on the building. A comprehensive knowledge process, composed by a 3D survey by Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and experimental in situ tests, allowed us to identify the basic structural geometry and to assess the value of mechanical parameters subsequently needed to perform a reliable structural assessment. The museum represents a typology of masonry building extremely diffused in the Italian territory, and the assessment of its seismic behavior was performed by investigating its global behavior through the EL1 and the EL3 analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Vulnerability Assessment for Heritage Buildings)
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19 pages, 7284 KiB  
Article
The Tuscany Masonry Database Website
by Sonia Boschi, Chiara Bernardini and Andrea Vignoli
Heritage 2021, 4(1), 230-248; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010014 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2353
Abstract
The Tuscany Masonry Database (TMDB) is an online database containing the results and the complete experimental data of in situ experimental tests carried out on masonry panels of masonry buildings located in the Tuscany Region (Italy), starting from 1990. The results can be [...] Read more.
The Tuscany Masonry Database (TMDB) is an online database containing the results and the complete experimental data of in situ experimental tests carried out on masonry panels of masonry buildings located in the Tuscany Region (Italy), starting from 1990. The results can be freely downloaded by users after registration on the site. To date, the TMDB includes 142 georeferenced tests, comprising 50 diagonal tests, 5 compression tests, and 87 flat-jack tests. In addition, there are tests on the components, such as compression tests on blocks, penetrometric testing on mortar, macroscopic or microscopic analysis of mortar, and coring. The results are supported by a qualitative description of the masonry texture and are compared with the reference values of the mechanical characteristics proposed by the Italian Building Code. The data come from scientific literature and are the result of collaborations between the Seismic Sector of the Tuscany Region and some Tuscan University Laboratories, or they are shared by private test laboratories mainly acting in Tuscany. The TMDB was developed and is constantly updated by the authors to provide support to researchers and freelance engineers in the knowledge process phase of masonry buildings, as well as for that of particular structures, such as heritage buildings. Furthermore, it allows for the filling of the lack of particularity of masonry classification and for the consideration of particular masonry types existing in local areas, for which there are no literature data or specific experimentation. Further tests are currently being processed to be included in the database, and divulgation activity on the project is foreseen. Furthermore, national and international collaborations are underway for the expansion of the database, with the aim of unifying test procedures and updating the codes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Vulnerability Assessment for Heritage Buildings)
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37 pages, 7007 KiB  
Article
The Failure of Masonry Walls by Disaggregation and the Masonry Quality Index
by Antonio Borri, Marco Corradi and Alessandro De Maria
Heritage 2020, 3(4), 1162-1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040065 - 22 Oct 2020
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5537
Abstract
The visual method for assessment of the structural behaviour of historic masonry walls, known by the acronym MQI (Masonry Quality Index) was introduced in 2002 by a team of researchers from the University of Perugia, Italy. This is based on a visual survey [...] Read more.
The visual method for assessment of the structural behaviour of historic masonry walls, known by the acronym MQI (Masonry Quality Index) was introduced in 2002 by a team of researchers from the University of Perugia, Italy. This is based on a visual survey of the faces and the cross section of a wall panel, and it aims at verifying if a wall complies with the “rules of the art”. Based on this analysis, it is possible to calculate a numerical index: numerous tests, carried out on site by the authors to validate the method, have demonstrated that the index is able to provide useful information about the mechanical characteristics and structural response, in general, of the analysed wall panel. The failure mode of a wall panel under the action of an earthquake is a critical aspect. In general, the failure modes can be categorized in two classes: masonry disaggregation and the development of a local or global mechanism of wall elements (macroelements). Several theoretical models and numerical simulations only consider the latter. In this paper, application of the MQI method is further investigated, with particular emphasis to those masonry typologies which are more prone to collapse by disaggregation during a seismic event. Under the action of an earthquake, some types of masonry are typically unable to deform and to split in macroelements, and another type of failure occurs: this is the so-called “masonry disaggregation” or “masonry crumbling”. This type of failure anticipates the ones resulting from macroelement methods or stress analysis. As a conclusion, these latter methods become completely inappropriate and potentially hazardous, as they overestimate the seismic capacity of the building under investigation. The MQI method has been adapted to assess the structural response of different types of masonry under the action of an earthquake. In detail, the aim was to verify when the phenomenon of masonry disaggregation is likely to occur. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Vulnerability Assessment for Heritage Buildings)
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18 pages, 7170 KiB  
Article
Physical–Mechanical and Mineralogical Properties of Fired Bricks of the Archaeological Site of Harran, Turkey
by Hanifi Binici, Fatih Binici, Mehmet Akcan, Yavuz Yardim, Enea Mustafaraj and Marco Corradi
Heritage 2020, 3(3), 1018-1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3030055 - 10 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4214
Abstract
In this study, the physical–mechanical and mineralogical properties of bricks used in historical structures of the site of Harran, Turkey have been investigated. Harran was destroyed by the Mongol army, during the Turkish reconquest campaign around the 1260s. The remains of the buildings [...] Read more.
In this study, the physical–mechanical and mineralogical properties of bricks used in historical structures of the site of Harran, Turkey have been investigated. Harran was destroyed by the Mongol army, during the Turkish reconquest campaign around the 1260s. The remains of the buildings made of bricks and basalt/limestone were recently uncovered almost in their entirety. Several brick samples have been taken from the burial mound, the university, the city walls, the castle, and the great mosque. From the visual analyses, it was noted that the bricks have unique colors such as pottery, desert beige, and canyon. Physical analyses show that the absorption rates of the bricks are between 17.30–38.12%, their densities between 1.33–1.70 g/cm3, and porosities between 8.88–25.31%. For the mechanical analyses, the bending strengths have been found to be between 0.82–1.86 MPa and compressive strengths between 6.69–7.95 MPa. The thin-section images show that the bricks contain calcite, muscovite, and plagioclase quartz and pyroxene minerals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Vulnerability Assessment for Heritage Buildings)
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18 pages, 6289 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Study on the Effect of Water on Historic Brickwork Masonry
by Domenico Giaccone, Ulderico Santamaria and Marco Corradi
Heritage 2020, 3(1), 29-46; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3010003 - 10 Jan 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4434
Abstract
Architectural heritage is deeply threatened by extreme weather events due to ongoing climatic change. Since these phenomena are becoming more and more serious, their effects cannot be neglected when a reliable assessment of a historic masonry structure is required. In this paper, the [...] Read more.
Architectural heritage is deeply threatened by extreme weather events due to ongoing climatic change. Since these phenomena are becoming more and more serious, their effects cannot be neglected when a reliable assessment of a historic masonry structure is required. In this paper, the phenomenon of rising damp was studied, focusing on the influence of water on the unit weight of masonry walls made from fired clay bricks and lime mortar. This study consists of a basic experimental research on the variations in the unit weight of masonry undergoing an ageing treatment, which was simulated through some cycles of capillary water absorption and temperature changes. The experimental study proves that penetrating damp causes an increase in masonry unit weight of more than 20%. This basic result is significant in the structural assessment of historic masonry buildings. Subsequent papers will analyze the interaction with strengths parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Vulnerability Assessment for Heritage Buildings)
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