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Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering

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A special issue of Hydrology (ISSN 2306-5338). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Resources and Risk Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 33309

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Rafik Absi

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Guest Editor

ECAM-EPMI, Laboratoire LR2E & Quartz (EA 7393), 95092 Cergy-Pontoise, France
Interests: environmental hydraulics and coastal engineering; sediment transport and morphodynamics; turbulence modeling; computational fluid dynamics; rainfall–runoff simulation

Prof. Dr. Carlo Gualtieri

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
Interests: environmental hydraulics; river hydrodynamics; ecohydraulics; computational methods in hydraulics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Meilan Qi

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: hydraulic engineering; turbulence; turbulence modeling; rivers numerical simulation; hydraulics; water resources engineering; water engineering; hydrodynamics; computational fluid dynamics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water has recently become a focal point in the management of natural resources on Earth. This resource, while potentially renewable, is often not available in the quantities and quality needed due to the global climatic and environmental changes. Water resource engineering (WRE) is the study, design, and management of approaches, equipment, facilities, and techniques used to manage and protect water on Earth. WRE is related to both hydrological and water quality processes. Many of the tools used in WRE rely on theoretical knowledge and practical water engineering methods, which apply fluid mechanics principles to water flowing in both closed conduits and open channels.

This Special Issue aims to offer an appropriate avenue for discussing and disseminating recent developments in water resource engineering and water engineering within the community, coming from students, researchers, and professionals working in careers linked to water.

For this Special Issue, papers reporting theoretical, field, laboratory, and numerical investigations on water resource engineering and water engineering are welcome.

Authors are encouraged to submit their manuscripts related to the following topics:

Hydrological and water quality processes;
Water resource engineering under the global climate change;
Innovative methods and designs in water resource engineering;
Water resource management and protection;
Water engineering of closed conduits flows;
Water engineering of open channel flows;
Fluvial processes and risk mitigation.

Prof. Dr. Rafik Absi
Prof. Dr. Carlo Gualtieri
Prof. Dr. Meilan Qi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Hydrology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

water resource engineering
hydrological and water quality processes
fluvial processes
water engineering
closed conduits flows
open channel flows
experimental methods in water engineering
computational methods in water engineering

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 6627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Multi-Model Approach for Assessing Groundwater Vulnerability in Rajasthan’s Semi-Arid Zone: Incorporating DRASTIC and SINTACS Variants

by Nadha Gowrish Narisetty, Gaurav Tripathi, Shruti Kanga, Suraj Kumar Singh, Gowhar Meraj, Pankaj Kumar, Bojan Đurin and Hrvoje Matijević

Hydrology 2023, 10(12), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120231 - 04 Dec 2023

Viewed by 2006

Abstract

Groundwater pollution in Rajasthan, India, poses significant challenges due to the region’s heavy reliance on this resource for drinking and irrigation. Given the increasing water scarcity and overexploitation, this study assesses the susceptibility of groundwater pollution in this semi-arid area. We applied and compared vulnerability mapping methods, DRASTIC and SINTACS, and their modified versions. These methodologies considered various geological and environmental factors such as depth-to-water table, recharge, aquifer conductivity, soil, and topography. The modified versions also integrated land use and temperature data for enhanced sensitivity. Validation was achieved by comparing contaminant data from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), India, focusing on primary contaminants such as fluoride, nitrate, chloride, and total dissolved solids (TDS). The results strongly align with the modified methodologies and observed groundwater ion values. Specifically, more than half of the 300 sample points analyzed indicated TDS values exceeding the permissible 300 ppm limit, with over 80 points surpassing 500 ppm. The vulnerability was classified into the following five categories: very low; low; medium; high; and very high. Notably, 30.53% of the area displayed “very high” vulnerability under the modified DRASTIC model. Districts like Jalore, Pali, Sirohi, and Jodhpur emerged as highly vulnerable zones, while areas within Udaipur, Kota, and Jaipur, among others, showed very high vulnerability. This research highlights the importance of conducting groundwater vulnerability assessments, especially for regions grappling with water scarcity like Rajasthan. The findings from this research are pivotal in guiding sustainable ground water resource management, as well as advocating continual monitoring and effective groundwater conservation strategies in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering)

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22 pages, 3267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Estimation of Rainfall from Remote Sensing Data Using Machine Learning Regression Models

by Yacine Mohia, Rafik Absi, Mourad Lazri, Karim Labadi, Fethi Ouallouche and Soltane Ameur

Hydrology 2023, 10(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10020052 - 16 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2934

Abstract

To estimate rainfall from remote sensing data, three machine learning-based regression models, K-Nearest Neighbors Regression (K-NNR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Random Forest Regression (RFR), were implemented using MSG (Meteosat Second Generation) satellite data. Daytime and nighttime data from a rain gauge are used for model training and validation. To optimize the results, the outputs of the three models are combined using the weighted average. The combination of the three models (hereafter called Com-RSK) markedly improved the predictions. Indeed, the MAE, MBE, RMSE and correlation coefficient went from 23.6 mm, 10.0 mm, 40.6 mm and 89% for the SVR to 20.7 mm, 5.5 mm, 37.4 mm, and 94% when the models were combined, respectively. The Com-RSK is also compared to a few methods using the classification in the estimation, such as the ECST Enhanced Convective Stratiform Technique (ECST), the MMultic technique, and the Convective/Stratiform Rain Area Delineation Technique (CS-RADT). The Com-RSK show superior performance compared to ECST, MMultic and CS-RADT methods.The Com-RSK is also compared to the two products of satellite estimates, namely CMORPH and CHIRPS. The results indicate that Com-RSK performs better than CMORPH and CHIRPS according to MBE, RMSE and CC (coefficient correlation). A comparison with three types of satellite precipitation estimation products, such as global product, regional product, and near real-time product, is performed. Overall, the methodology developed here shows almost the same results as regional product methods and exhibits better results than near real-time and global product methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering)

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14 pages, 2426 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Suspended Sediments in Environmental Flows: Interpretation of Concentration Profiles Shapes

by Rafik Absi

Hydrology 2023, 10(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010005 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3576

Abstract

In environmental flows, field and laboratory measurements of suspended sediments show two kinds of concentration profiles. For coarse sediments, a near-bed upward convex profile is observed beneath the main upward concave profile. In this study, we consider two 1-DV models, namely, the classical advection–diffusion equation (ADE) based on the gradient diffusion model, and the kinetic model. Both need sediment diffusivity, which is related to the eddy viscosity, and an y-dependent β-function (i.e., the inverse of the turbulent Schmidt number). Our study shows that the kinetic model reverts to the classical ADE with an “apparent” settling velocity or sediment diffusivity. For the numerical resolution of the ADE, simple and accurate tools are provided for both the sediment diffusivity and hindered settling. The results for the concentration profiles show good agreement with the experimental data. An interpretation of the concentration profiles is provided by two “criteria” for shapes. The main for steady open-channel flows shows that the shape of the concentration profiles in the Cartesian coordinate depends on the vertical distribution of the derivative of

R

(the ratio between the sediment diffusivity and the settling velocity of the sediments): dR/dy > −1 for the upward concave concentration profile while dR/dy < −1 for the near-bed upward convex profile. A generalization is proposed for oscillatory flows over sand ripples, where the time-averaged concentration profiles in the semi-log plots are interpreted by a relation between the second derivative of the logarithm of the concentration and the derivative of the product between the sediment diffusivity and an additional parameter related to the convective sediment entrainment process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering)

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19 pages, 3414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Runoff and Sediment Load Changes in the Wuding River Basin from 1960 to 2020

by Yin Chen, Pei Zhang, Ying Zhao, Liqin Qu, Pengfei Du and Yangui Wang

Hydrology 2022, 9(11), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9110198 - 05 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2204

Abstract

To investigate changes in runoff and sediment load in the Wuding River basin under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, trends were analyzed from 1960 to 2020, and the contribution rate of climate change and human activities was calculated. It was observed that the runoff and sediment load Mann–Kendall test value ranges at eight gauging stations were −7.42 to −3.88 and −9.28 to −3.34, respectively, indicating a significant decreasing trend in both. During the period of 1970–2000, the contribution of human activities to the reduction in runoff and sediment load was 69.9% and 75.3%, respectively. However, the impact of human activities intensified after 2001 due to the implementation of the policy of returning farmland to forests in the Wuding River basin, which contributed to 118.4% and 114.5% of the reduction in runoff and sediment load, respectively. Check dam and reservoir construction, reforestation, water diversion, and other human activities were all important factors in runoff and sediment load reduction. In particular, the total sediment retention by reservoirs in the Wuding River basin was approximately 879 million tons until 2010, and the total sediment retention by check dams was approximately 2747 million t until 2017. This study can provide support for the utilization of water resources and the construction of ecological civilization in the Wuding River basin, and can also provide a reference for the study of water and sediment changes in other basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering)

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21 pages, 5963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Network-Based Modeling of Water Quality in Jodhpur, India

by Krishna Kumar Sinha, Mukesh Kumar Gupta, Malay Kumar Banerjee, Gowhar Meraj, Suraj Kumar Singh, Shruti Kanga, Majid Farooq, Pankaj Kumar and Netrananda Sahu

Hydrology 2022, 9(5), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9050092 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3277

Abstract

In this paper, the quality of a source of drinking water is assessed by measuring eight water quality (WQ) parameters using 710 samples collected from a water-stressed region of India, Jodhpur Rajasthan. The entire sample was divided into ten groups representing different geographic locations. Using American Public Health Association (APHA) specified methodology, eight WQ parameters, viz., pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (Ca-H), residual chlorine, nitrate (as NO₃⁻), and chloride (Cl⁻), were selected for describing the water quality for potability use. The quality of each parameter is examined as a function of the zone. Taking the average parametric values of different zones, a unique number was used to describe the overall quality of water. It was found that the average value of each parameter varies significantly with zones. Further, we used neural network (NN) modeling to map the nonlinear relationship between the above eight parametric inputs and the water quality index as the output. It can be observed that the NN designed in the present work acquired sufficient learning and can be satisfactorily used to predict the relational pattern between the input and the output. It can further be observed that the water quality index (WQI) from this work is highly efficient for a successful assessment of water quality in the study area. The major challenge to uniquely describing the drinking water quality lies in understanding the cumulative effect of various parameters affecting the quality of water; the quantified figure is subjected to debate, and this paper addresses the difficulty through a novel approach. The framework presented in this work can be automated with appropriate equipment and shall help government agencies understand changing water quality for better management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering)

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Review

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16 pages, 1444 KiB

Open AccessReview

Constructed Wetlands as Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment in the Hospitality Industry: A Review

by Sara Justino, Cristina S. C. Calheiros, Paula M. L. Castro and David Gonçalves

Hydrology 2023, 10(7), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070153 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2453

Abstract

The hospitality industry is increasing its awareness of how the integration of nature-based solutions can decrease its environmental impact while maintaining or increasing the service level of the sector. Constructed wetlands (CWs) constitute a promising sustainable solution for proper in situ domestic wastewater treatment. This literature review elucidates the status of CWs implementation in the hospitality industry to help foster the exchange of experiences in the field and deliver examples of approaches in different contexts to support future applications of this technology. Most of the studies reported in the literature were conducted in Europe, but studies emanating from Asia and South America are also available. The design of CWs, the horizontal and vertical subsurface flow CWs (HSFCW, VSFCW), and hybrid systems have been reported. The average removal efficiencies of the systems ranged from 83 to 95% for biochemical oxygen demand, 74 to 94% for chemical oxygen demand, 78 to 96% for total suspended solids, 75 to 85% for ammonium, 44 to 85% for ammonia, 50 to 73% for nitrate, 57 to 88% for total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 51 to 58% total nitrogen, and 66 to 99% for total phosphorus. The majority of the systems were implemented as decentralized treatment solutions using HSFCWs, with the second most common design being the hybrid CW systems in order to reduce area requirements, increase treatment efficiency, and prevent clogging. Overall, CWs are a promising sustainable solution which may support access to adequate sanitation worldwide as well as safe wastewater recycling and reuse, leading to more sustainable tourist destinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering)

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32 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Overview of Flood Modeling Approaches: A Review of Recent Advances

by Vijendra Kumar, Kul Vaibhav Sharma, Tommaso Caloiero, Darshan J. Mehta and Karan Singh

Hydrology 2023, 10(7), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070141 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 13750

Abstract

As one of nature’s most destructive calamities, floods cause fatalities, property destruction, and infrastructure damage, affecting millions of people worldwide. Due to its ability to accurately anticipate and successfully mitigate the effects of floods, flood modeling is an important approach in flood control. This study provides a thorough summary of flood modeling’s current condition, problems, and probable future directions. The study of flood modeling includes models based on hydrologic, hydraulic, numerical, rainfall–runoff, remote sensing and GIS, artificial intelligence and machine learning, and multiple-criteria decision analysis. Additionally, it covers the heuristic and metaheuristic techniques employed in flood control. The evaluation examines the advantages and disadvantages of various models, and evaluates how well they are able to predict the course and impacts of floods. The constraints of the data, the unpredictable nature of the model, and the complexity of the model are some of the difficulties that flood modeling must overcome. In the study’s conclusion, prospects for development and advancement in the field of flood modeling are discussed, including the use of advanced technologies and integrated models. To improve flood risk management and lessen the effects of floods on society, the report emphasizes the necessity for ongoing research in flood modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water and Water Resources Engineering)

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