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Lubricants
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Industrial Tribo-Systems: Current Issues and Future Development Trends
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Industrial Tribo-Systems: Current Issues and Future Development Trends

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 March 2024) | Viewed by 7084

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Physical Materials Science, Institute of Physical Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Interests: thermal-chemical treatment; boriding; boroaluminizing; electron-beam procesing; wear
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Simon C. Tung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Innovation Technology Consulting Inc., Glenview, IL 60026, USA
Interests: automotive lubricants; driveline lubrication; industrial lubricants; EV/hybrid components; thermal management coolants; tribological performance testing; nanofluids; energy storage materials; fuel cell applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. George Totten

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
Interests: heat treatment; quenching; tribology and lubrication
Dr. Rosa Simencio Otero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais (SMM), Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Interests: chemical modification and thermo oxidative stability of vegetable oils; synthetic esters and biodiesel; steel heat-treating; quenching and tribology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the third part of the Special Issue entitled “Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends”.

In recent years, the automotive and energy industries have undergone a revolution in hardware and system materials. Key advances of advanced powertrain or propulsion vehicles have been made in energy efficiency and durability improvement. Various approaches include improvements in advanced tribo-systems, component design such as down-sizing, boosting, and electrification, as well as surface engineering and advanced materials in powertrain or propulsion systems. Among these approaches, friction reduction and wear control via surface engineering methodologies are the most effective approaches, which have been receiving significant attention from tribologists and automotive engineers. Foreseeably, the future will embrace the advanced design and implementation of a “smart” tribo-system that will automatically control critical tribological  parameters, thereby optimizing lubricant formulations and subsystem performance. These significant challenges to our automotive and petroleum industries will be seriously considered as the primary drivers for our ongoing research and development efforts.

In this Special Issue, these topics will be reviewed, together with discussions on the impact of surface engineering and advanced material technologies, as well as lubricant formulations on promises of continuing friction and wear reduction trends. In addition, consumer demand for hybrid–electrical vehicles (HEV) and electrical vehicles (EV) has been increasing due to their benefits of high energy efficiency and extended durability of electrification components. The introduction of driveline electrification components, surface materials, lubricant operating environments, and the demands on efficiency and durability necessitate lubricant formulations and surface engineering technologies compatible with these advanced propulsion systems. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have requested the adoption of dedicated driveline lubricants or thermal cooling fluids to protect and ensure the smooth functioning of the electrified drivetrain parts. Transmission and driveline fluids tailored to hybrids and EVs must have the right electrical and thermal properties, ensure corrosion protection, and be compatible with insulating materials. They need to meet appropriate thermal cooling requirements, offer bearing protection, and provide oxidation and sludge control.

This Special Issue will focus on the current development and future trends for electrified drivetrain friction reduction and wear control via surface engineering or materials in advanced tribo-systems systems. This new edition will focus on several emerging technology and advanced tribology development activities, including a number of exciting areas such as energy-efficient tribology systems, non-ferrous surface engineering materials, drivetrain fluids, gears, fuel cells, wind turbines, and energy storage systems. In addition, energy-efficient lubricant formulations or e-mobility fluids for electric or hybrid vehicle applications will also be introduced in this new edition.

For this Special Issue, for which both reviews and original articles are welcome, we invite high-quality papers that focus on, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Development of tribo-systems for evaluation of tribological performance using advanced powertrain lubricants or electrified e-mobility fluids for EV or hybrid vehicles.
  • Evaluation of advanced automotive lubricants or driveline fluids in hybrid electrified components using advanced tribo-systems for bench testing and field simulation.
  • Characterization of the industrial lubrication/tribological environments (such as friction, wear, temperatures, loads, contaminants, etc.) operating in extreme environmental conditions.
  • Bench or field-testing evaluation and interpretation of the tribological performance of automotive lubricants and thermal management systems.
  • Analysis of friction and wear performance in advanced powertrain or hybrid driveline electrification components.
  • Analysis of friction and wear performance in industrial machinery or manufacturing equipment.
  • Analysis of tribochemical or surface engineering processes during tribo-system evaluation for industrial equipment and automotive applications.
  • Future trends for advanced e-mobility fluids and thermal management cooling fluids.
  • Surface engineering for superior wear resistance.

The Guest Editors of this Special Issue would like to express their sincere gratitude to all previous authors and reviewers for their exceptional efforts in contributing to this SI. We sincerely welcome new contributions or recommendations for this 3rd edition of this Special Issue in the Lubricants journal. Special thanks are also owed to the editorial staff of Lubricants for their valuable support, professional guidance, and patience.

Dr. Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn
Dr. Simon C. Tung
Dr. George Totten
Dr. Rosa Simencio Otero
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 6758 KiB  
Article
Hydrophilized MoS2 as Lubricant Additive
by M. Humaun Kabir, Darrius Dias, Kailash Arole, Reza Bahrami, Hung-Jue Sue and Hong Liang
Lubricants 2024, 12(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12030080 - 5 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1137
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been used in a variety of lubrication products due to its highly tunable surface chemistry. However, the performance of MoS2-derived tribofilms falls short when compared to other commercially available antiwear additives. The primary objective of [...] Read more.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been used in a variety of lubrication products due to its highly tunable surface chemistry. However, the performance of MoS2-derived tribofilms falls short when compared to other commercially available antiwear additives. The primary objective of this study is to improve the tribological performance of MoS2 as an additive for lithium-based greases. This was achieved by functionalizing the particle with hydrophilic molecules, such as urea. Experimental results indicate that the urea-functionalized MoS2 (U-MoS2) leads to a notable decrease in the coefficient of friction of 22% and a substantial reduction in the wear rate of 85% compared to its unmodified state. These results are correlated with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation of U-MoS2 to theorize two mechanisms that explain the improved performance. Urea has the capability to reside both on the surface of MoS2 and within its interlayer spacing. Weakened van der Waals forces due to interlayer expansion and the hydrophilicity of the functionalized U-MoS2 surface are catalysts for both friction reduction and the longevity of tribofilms on hydrophilic steel surfaces. These findings offer valuable insights into the development of a novel class of lubricant additives using functionalized hydrophilic molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems: Current Issues and Future Development Trends)
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18 pages, 4028 KiB  
Article
Wear-Resistant Elastomeric Composites Based on Unvulcanized Rubber Compound and Recycled Polytetrafluoroethylene
by Oksana Ayurova, Vasiliy Kornopoltsev, Andrey Khagleev, Roman Kurbatov, Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn, Afanasiy Dyakonov and Dmitriy Mognonov
Lubricants 2024, 12(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020029 - 24 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1300
Abstract
Advancements in industrial machinery and manufacturing equipment require more reliable and efficient polymer tribo-systems which operate in conditions associated with increasing machine speeds and a lack of cooling oil. The goal of the current research is to improve the tribological properties of elastomeric [...] Read more.
Advancements in industrial machinery and manufacturing equipment require more reliable and efficient polymer tribo-systems which operate in conditions associated with increasing machine speeds and a lack of cooling oil. The goal of the current research is to improve the tribological properties of elastomeric composites by adding a solid lubricant filler in the form of ultrafine polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with the chemical formula [C2F4]n and recycled polytetrafluoroethylene (r-PTFE) powders. PTFE waste is recycled mechanically by abrasion. The elastomeric composites are prepared by mixing a nitrile butadiene rubber with a phenol-formaldehyde resin and PTFE powders in an extruder followed by rolling. The deformation-strength and tribological tests of r-PTFE elastomeric composites are conducted in comparison with the ultrafine PTFE composites. The latter is based on products of waste fluoropolymer processing using a radiation method. The deformation-strength test shows that the introduction of ultrafine PTFE and r-PTFE powder to the composite leads to a decrease in strength and elongation at break, which is associated with the poor compatibility of additives and the elastomeric matrix. The friction test indicates a decrease in the coefficient of friction of the composite material. It is determined that the 15 wt.% filler added in the elastomeric matrix leads to a reduction in the wear rate by 20%. The results obtained show the possibility of using ultrafine PTFE powder and r-PTFE for creating elastomeric composites with increased tribological properties. These research results are beneficial for rubber products used in many industries, mainly in mechanical engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems: Current Issues and Future Development Trends)
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17 pages, 9819 KiB  
Article
Study on the Lubricating Characteristics of the Oil Film of the Slipper Pair in a Large Displacement Piston Pump
by Liping Xu, Jiaheng Chen, Donglin Li, Liang Zhang, Yaowei Jia, Fuhang Guo and Jian Li
Lubricants 2023, 11(12), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11120521 - 8 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1214
Abstract
Due to the large size of the bottom surface, the slipper pair of the large displacement piston pump (LDPP) will form a larger linear speed difference in the inner and outer positions of the slipper relative to the center of the swash plate [...] Read more.
Due to the large size of the bottom surface, the slipper pair of the large displacement piston pump (LDPP) will form a larger linear speed difference in the inner and outer positions of the slipper relative to the center of the swash plate during high-speed rotation. It is more likely to lead to the slipper overturning, which makes the slipper partially worn. To make improvements, the comprehensive performance of the slipper pair of the LDPP, the motion law of the slipper pair of the LDPP was explored. Firstly, a mathematical model of the oil film thickness of the slipper pair of the LDPP under the state of residual compression force is established, based on the consideration of the linear velocity difference formed by the high-speed rotation of the large bottom surface slipper and the theory of dynamics and thermodynamics. Secondly, the impact of rotational speed, piston chamber pressure and oil temperature on the oil film thickness of the slipper pair was simulated and analyzed. Finally, to measure the oil film thickness of the slipper pair, oil film thickness measuring equipment was created, and the accuracy of the mathematical model was verified. The study revealed the changing rules of the oil film thickness and tilt angle of the bottom surface of the slipper pair under various working conditions. The consistency of the simulation and test findings demonstrates that the mathematical model can accurately describe influencing elements and changing rules of the LDPP slipper pair’s oil film lubrication characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems: Current Issues and Future Development Trends)
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16 pages, 8447 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Friction Coefficient in the Ring Test for Selected Lubricants Dedicated to the Hot Forging Process of Precision Steel Products
by Łukasz Dudkiewicz, Marek Hawryluk, Jacek Ziemba, Adrian Miżejewski, Sławomir Polak, Jan Marzec and Tatiana Szymańska
Lubricants 2023, 11(9), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090399 - 13 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1137
Abstract
This paper concerns an analysis of the tribological conditions and the effect of the use of seven lubricating agents dedicated to a process of precision forging on a hammer in multiple systems. In particular, it performs a review of the most popular methods [...] Read more.
This paper concerns an analysis of the tribological conditions and the effect of the use of seven lubricating agents dedicated to a process of precision forging on a hammer in multiple systems. In particular, it performs a review of the most popular methods of determining the friction coefficient in the aspect of the obtained results. On this basis, the selected method of friction coefficient determination was a hot ring upsetting test for two forging materials: carbon steel (16MnCrS5) and stainless steel (316Ti). The test samples were prepared in the shape of a ring with precisely defined dimensions, and, next, they were subjected to an upsetting process on a hydraulic hammer under conditions similar to those present in an industrial forging process, and the characteristic geometrical features and friction coefficients were determined. Additionally, measurements of the geometrical changes were made with the use of 3D scanning for the extreme friction coefficient values in order to perform their comparison. The obtained results showed that for carbon steel the lowest achieved value was in the case of Lubrodal F185 (µ = 0.24) A and the highest for Lubr_hot_press 123HD (µ = 0.32); in turn, for stainless steel the lowest value µ = 0.19 was achieved for Graphitex CR 7 and the highest for Graphitex CR720K (µ = 0.29). Moreover, for these conditions, numerical modeling was conducted in the Forge 3.0 NxT program, in order to analyze the obtained results and verify the correctness and agreement of the friction coefficients determined in the ring test, on the basis of the geometrical changes. The data obtained in the computer simulation confirmed the possibility of obtaining a good agreement between the FEM (Finite Elements Method) and experimental trials, as the modeling provides reliable information on the plastic deformations and can be used as an alternative method of examining the friction conditions in industrial forging processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems: Current Issues and Future Development Trends)
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Review

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52 pages, 11748 KiB  
Review
Nanofluids Minimal Quantity Lubrication Machining: From Mechanisms to Application
by Anxue Chu, Changhe Li, Zongming Zhou, Bo Liu, Yanbin Zhang, Min Yang, Teng Gao, Mingzheng Liu, Naiqing Zhang, Yusuf Suleiman Dambatta and Shubham Sharma
Lubricants 2023, 11(10), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100422 - 2 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1739
Abstract
Minimizing the negative effects of the manufacturing process on the environment, employees, and costs while maintaining machining accuracy has long been a pursuit of the manufacturing industry. Currently, the nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) used in cutting and grinding has been studied as [...] Read more.
Minimizing the negative effects of the manufacturing process on the environment, employees, and costs while maintaining machining accuracy has long been a pursuit of the manufacturing industry. Currently, the nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) used in cutting and grinding has been studied as a useful technique for enhancing machinability and empowering sustainability. Previous reviews have concluded the beneficial effects of NMQL on the machining process and the factors affecting them, including nanofluid volume fraction and nanoparticle species. Nevertheless, the summary of the machining mechanism and performance evaluation of NMQL in processing different materials is deficient, which limits preparation of process specifications and popularity in factories. To fill this gap, this paper concentrates on the comprehensive assessment of processability based on tribological, thermal, and machined surface quality aspects for nanofluids. The present work attempts to reveal the mechanism of nanofluids in processing different materials from the viewpoint of nanofluids’ physicochemical properties and atomization performance. Firstly, the present study contrasts the distinctions in structure and functional mechanisms between different types of base fluids and nanoparticle molecules, providing a comprehensive and quantitative comparative assessment for the preparation of nanofluids. Secondly, this paper reviews the factors and theoretical models that affect the stability and various thermophysical properties of nanofluids, revealing that nanoparticles endow nanofluids with unique lubrication and heat transfer mechanisms. Finally, the mapping relationship between the parameters of nanofluids and material cutting performance has been analyzed, providing theoretical guidance and technical support for the industrial application and scientific research of nanofluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems: Current Issues and Future Development Trends)
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