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Advanced Materials and Techniques for Dental Implant Treatment

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 14221

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Prof. Dr. Bernhard Pommer

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Guest Editor

Academy for Oral Implantology, Lazarettgasse 19/DG, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Interests: dental implants; bone augmentation; guided surgery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

How much better does it get? Dental implant therapy has reached high levels of success over the past decades; however, ongoing scientific research still aims at optimizing treatment outcome and patient satisfaction. Two major fields of research activity are the development of advanced materials for both fixtures and suprastructures, as well as the refinement of surgical techniques, particularly when hard or soft tissue grafting is required.

Regarding new trends in implant materials, metal-free solutions are obviously on the rise. This may be due to higher demands on implant esthetics and also due to an increasing desire for biocompatibility and long-term safety. Moreover, fabrication techniques have been revolutionized, and chair-side manufacturing is offering unforseen possibilities.

Novel techniques are also suggested for the surgical phase of implant installation. The underlying goal of innovative surgical techniques is to minimize surgical invasion and thus reduce surgical trauma and postoperative patient morbidity. Minimally invasive techniques embrace flapless and guided implant placement as well as transcrestal sinus floor elevation and tunneling techniques for hard and soft tissue augmentation.

The research published in this Special Issue may help to explore the possibilities and limitations of advanced materials and techniques for dental implant placement so that these innovations may offer a step into the right direction rather than a setback from the established level of evidence-based dental care.

Prof. Dr. Bernhard Pommer
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Dental implants
Implant-supported prostheses
Fixed partial dentures
Ceramic implants
Zirconia bridgework
Bone augmentation
Soft tissue grafting
Minimally invasive surgery

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Microstructure and Hardness Properties of Low-Temperature Microwave-Sintered Y₂O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ Ceramics with Additions of Nano TiO₂ Powders

by Min-Hang Weng, Cheng-Xun Lin, Cian-Song Huang, Chin-Yi Tsai and Ru-Yuan Yang

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071546 - 27 Mar 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2018

Abstract

This paper reports the improvement of microstructural and hardness properties of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) ceramics with nano TiO₂ powders (with 0, 0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 wt%) added using a low-temperature microwave-assisted sintering of 1250 °C. Even at such a low sintering temperature, all sintered samples had the main phase of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO₂) without the appearance of the secondary monoclinic phase or TiO₂ phase, and had high relative densities, larger than 95%. The grain growth was well developed, and the grain sizes were around 300–600 nm. The Ti and O elements appeared at the grain and grain boundary and increased with the increased nano TiO₂ contents identified by the element analysis, although the TiO₂ phase did not appear in the X-ray pattern. The Vickers hardness was in the range of 10.5 to 14.5 GPa, which first increased with increasing content till 0.9 wt% and then decreased. With citric acid corrosion treatment for 10 h, the Vickers hardness only decreased from 14.34 GPa to 13.55 GPa with the addition of 0.9 wt% nano TiO₂ powder. The experiment results showed that 0.9 wt% nano TiO₂ addition can improve the densification as well as the Vickers hardness under a low temperature of microwave-assisted sintering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Techniques for Dental Implant Treatment)

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20 pages, 7961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Hot Extrusion Temperature on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Mg-Y-Zn-Zr Biological Magnesium Alloy Containing W Phase and I Phase

by Xiaofeng Wu, Chunxiang Xu, Jun Kuan, Zhengwei Zhang, Jingshan Zhang and Wenfu Yang

Materials 2020, 13(5), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051147 - 05 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

The previous study conducted on the as-cast Mg-2Y-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy showed that the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the as-cast alloy were 245 MPa, 135 MPa and 14.4%, respectively. In order to further explore the potential of the material, the hot extrusion process of variable temperature (250 °C, 300 °C and 350 °C) was carried out on the basis of the as-cast alloy. After hot extrusion, the mechanical properties of the material have been greatly improved compared with as-cast alloy. The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the extruded alloy reached 327 MPa, 322 MPa and 24.9%, respectively. The reason for the significant improvement of material properties is mainly due to the dynamic recrystallization during thermal processing, which greatly fines the grains of as-cast alloy. Moreover, the experimental results shown that the corrosion performance of the alloy after hot extrusion at 300 °C is also optimal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Techniques for Dental Implant Treatment)

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11 pages, 9095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of In-Situ Electrochemical Oxidation on Implant Surface and Colonizing Microorganisms Evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy

by Maximilian Göltz, Maximilian Koch, Rainer Detsch, Matthias Karl, Andreas Burkovski and Stefan Rosiwal

Materials 2019, 12(23), 3977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233977 - 30 Nov 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2961

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is a worldwide increasing health problem, caused by infection of tissue and bone around an implant by biofilm-forming microorganisms. Effects of peri-implantitis treatment using mechanical debridement, air particle abrasion and electrochemical disinfection on implant surface integrity were compared. Dental implants covered with bacterial biofilm were cleaned using mechanical debridement and air particle abrasion. In addition, implants were disinfected using a novel electrochemical technique based on an array of boron-doped diamond (BDD) coated electrodes. Following treatment and preparation, the implants were inspected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Mechanical debridement led to changes in surface topography destroying the manufacturer’s medium-rough surface by scratch formation. Air particle abrasion led to accumulation of the abrasive used on the implant surface. With both treatment options, appearance of bacteria and yeasts was not affected. In contrast, electrochemical disinfection did not cause alterations of the implant surface but resulted in distorted microbial cells. Electrochemical disinfection of implant surfaces using BDD electrodes may constitute a promising treatment option for cleaning dental implant surfaces without negatively affecting materials and surface properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Techniques for Dental Implant Treatment)

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20 pages, 13678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Thrust Force on the Vitality of Bone Chips Harvested for Autologous Augmentation during Dental Implantation

by Anas Ben Achour, Carola Petto, Heike Meißner, Dominik Hipp, Andreas Nestler, Günter Lauer and Uwe Teicher

Materials 2019, 12(22), 3695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223695 - 09 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2658

Abstract

Bone drill chips that are collected during implant site preparation can be reused as autologous bone-grafting material for alveolar ridge augmentation. This study characterized five market-leading implant drill sets regarding their geometric properties and ability to produce vital bone chips. The drill geometry of each tool of five commercial implant drill sets was characterized while using optical profile projector devices and SEM. Bone chips were collected during the in vitro preparation of porcine jaw bone with the various drill sets. Produced bone chip masses were measured. The bone chips were cultured in vitro and the number of outgrown cells was determined and measurand for vitality. Furthermore, the thrust force and cutting torque were recorded to examine the mechanical loads of the manual drilling process. The tool geometry and set configuration of one out of five implant drill sets appears to be superior regarding chip mass, vitality, and thrust force. It could be proven that there is a correlation between vitality and thrust force. The thrust force is influenced by the cutting behavior of the tool, which in turn depends on the geometry of the tool. The tool geometry has an influence on the vitality of the augmentation material due to this relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Techniques for Dental Implant Treatment)

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11 pages, 1999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG and Diode Laser Applications on Dental Implant Surfaces Contaminated with Acinetobacter Baumannii and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

by Adel S. Alagl, Marwa Madi, Sumit Bedi, Faisal Al Onaizan and Zainab S. Al-Aql

Materials 2019, 12(13), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132073 - 27 Jun 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4285

Abstract

Treatment of peri-implantitis through several implant surface decontamination techniques have been reported, however, some of them can negatively alter the implant surface or enhance more bacterial resistance. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate implant surface decontamination by means of Er,Cr:YSGG and diode lasers. Fifty micro-textured (MTX) dental implants were contaminated with Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 25) and with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 25). All implants were then divided into five groups for the decontamination procedure. In group I (GI), decontamination was done with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm), while in group II (GII) decontamination was performed using photodynamic therapy (a 650 nm diode laser). In Group III (GIII) decontamination was performed with photodynamic therapy (an 808 nm diode laser), and in group IV (GIV) decontamination was performed with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Group V (GV) was the control group with no decontamination. After decontamination, colony forming units (CFU) were counted and implants were prepared for SEM analysis. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed for GI compared to the other groups, and also for GIV compared to both GII and GIII. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser (GI) showed the best results in decontaminating the implant surface. Chlorhexidine (GIV), proved to be better in decontaminating the implant surface than photodynamic therapy GII and diode laser GIII. No significant difference was found between group GII and GIII. The SEM analysis showed no significant change in the implant surface topography. The results of this study suggest that the Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be considered as an effective technique for reducing bacteria contamination on implant surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Techniques for Dental Implant Treatment)

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