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Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2024) | Viewed by 11776

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Prof. Dr. Luigi Generali

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Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
Interests: endodontics; restorative dentistry; biomaterials; dental materials; endodontic instruments
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Prof. Dr. Vittorio Checchi

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Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
Interests: restorative dentistry; adhesive dentistry; dental materials; implant dentistry; biomaterials; periodontology; dental hygiene
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Prof. Dr. Eugenio Pedullà

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Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy
Interests: endodontics; restorative dentistry; dental materials; oral surgery
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is nowadays clear to everyone how dentistry is constantly evolving due to the design and development of innovative materials and technologies related to new treatment concepts, created to obtain ever better and more performing clinical performances.

Specifically, the endodontic and restorative (conservative prosthetic) areas are those that can most benefit from the continuous introduction of new products and technologies, and this Special Issue aims to include innovative and original scientific research related to newly developed materials and technologies that can suggest ways to solve the problems of traditional dental care.

High-quality clinical studies, in vitro studies, literature reviews and particularly significant case reports will be considered for publication.

Prof. Dr. Luigi Generali
Prof. Dr. Vittorio Checchi
Prof. Dr. Eugenio Pedullà
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

Advanced materials
Advanced technologies
Endodontics
Restorative dentistry
Prosthetic dentistry
Dental materials
Biomaterials.

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Printed Teeth in Endodontics: A New Protocol for Microcomputed Tomography Studies

by Tiago Reis, Cláudia Barbosa, Margarida Franco, Ruben Silva, Nuno Alves, Pablo Castelo-Baz, Jose Martín-Cruces and Benjamín Martín-Biedma

Materials 2024, 17(8), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081899 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 277

Abstract

This study aimed to describe a support material removal protocol (SMRP) from inside the root canals of three-dimensional printed teeth (3DPT) obtained by the microcomputed tomography (microCT) of a natural tooth (NT), evaluate its effectiveness by comparing the 3DPT to NT in terms of internal anatomy and behaviour toward endodontic preparation, and evaluate if 3DPT are adequate to assess the differences between two preparation systems. After the SMRP, twenty 3DPT printed by PolyJet™ were microCT scanned before preparation and thereafter randomly assigned into two groups (n = 10). One group and NT were prepared using ProTaper Gold^® (PTG), and the other group with Endogal^® (ENDG). MicroCT scans were carried out after preparation, and the volume increase, volume of dentin removed, centroids, transportation, and unprepared areas were compared. For the parameters evaluated, no significant differences were found between the 3DPT and NT before and after preparation (p > 0.05), and no significant differences were found between the 3DPT PTG group and the 3DPT ENDG group (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that the SMRP described is effective in removing the support material SUP706B™. PolyJet™ is adequate for printing 3DPT. Furthermore, 3DPT printed with high-temperature RGD525™ have similar behaviour during endodontic preparation with PTG as the NT, and 3DPT can be used to compare two preparation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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13 pages, 5479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Cyclic Fatigue Resistance and Free Recovery Transformation Temperature of NiTi Endodontic Single-File Systems Using a Novel Testing Setup

by Emad Youssef, Holger Jungbluth, Søren Jepsen, Manfred Gruener and Christoph Bourauel

Materials 2024, 17(3), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030566 - 25 Jan 2024

Viewed by 574

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of body temperature (37 °C) on the cyclic fatigue resistance of three endodontic single-file systems using a new testing setup. One Shape^® new generation (OS), WaveOne™ (WO) and WaveOne^® GOLD (WOG), which are made from different NiTi alloys and operated in different motions (rotation/reciprocation), were evaluated. The study design included four groups. Each group comprised 30 files, 10 files of each of the three file systems, tested at 20 ± 2 °C (group 1 and 3) and at 37 ± 1 °C (group 2 and 4). All files were tested in a custom-made metal block with artificial canals of 60° angle, and a 5 mm and 3 mm radius of curvature, respectively. A heating element was attached to replicate a temperature of 37 °C. Files were introduced 18 mm into the canals and operated until failure. Transformation temperatures of five samples of each of the tested file systems were determined via the bend and free recovery (BFR) method. With the exception of WOG in canals with a 3 mm radius of curvature (p = 0.075), all the tested file systems showed statistically significantly less time needed to fracture when operated at 37 ± 1 °C compared to at 20 ± 2 °C in canals with a 5 mm and 3 mm radius of curvature using Mann–Whitney U test (p < 0.05). All file systems showed transformation temperatures below the body temperature. We concluded that body temperature directly affects the cyclic fatigue resistance of all tested file systems. Bend and free recovery can be suitable for the determination of austenite finish temperatures (A_f) of endodontic instruments as it allows testing a longer portion of the instrument. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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16 pages, 4184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Combined Effects on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells of Fast-Set or Premixed Hydraulic Calcium Silicate Cements and Secretome Regarding Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Differentiation

by Yun-Jae Ha, Donghee Lee and Sin-Young Kim

Materials 2024, 17(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020305 - 07 Jan 2024

Viewed by 997

Abstract

An important part of regenerative endodontic procedures involving immature permanent teeth is the regeneration of the pulp–dentin complex with continuous root development. Hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) are introduced for the pulpal treatment of immature permanent teeth. The stem-cell-derived secretome recently has been applied for the treatment of various damaged tissues. Here, we evaluated the biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of HCSCs combined with secretome on human dental pulp stem cells. In the Cell Counting Kit-8 test and wound healing assays, significantly higher cell viability was observed with secretome application. In alkaline phosphatase analysis, the activity was significantly higher with secretome application in all groups, except for RetroMTA on day 2 and Endocem MTA Premixed on day 4. In an Alizarin Red S staining analysis, all groups with secretome application had significantly higher staining values. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the day 7 expression of OSX significantly increased with secretome application in all groups. SMAD1 and DSPP expression also increased significantly with secretome addition in all groups except for Biodentine. In conclusion, HCSCs showed favorable biocompatibility and osteogenic ability and are predicted to demonstrate greater synergy with the addition of secretome during regenerative endodontic procedures involving immature permanent teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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16 pages, 9302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of pH Value and Release of Calcium Ions in Calcium Silicate Cements: An In Vitro Comparative Study

by Rubén Herrera-Trinidad, Pedro Molinero-Mourelle, Manrique Fonseca, Adrian Roman Weber, Vicente Vera, María Luz Mena and Vicente Vera-González

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186213 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1106

Abstract

The goal of this study was to evaluate the pH and the release of calcium from four calcium-silicate-based cements. Methods: Four materials were tested (ProClinic MTA; Angelus MTA; ProRoot MTA; Biodentine). The palatal canal root of acrylic upper molars was filled with each cement. Afterwards, they were set in phosphate-buffered saline. Measurements were taken by atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) at 3, 24, 72, 168, 336, 672, and 1008 h. The pH was measured at the same timepoints. Kruskal–Wallis tests were carried out in each period, as the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests showed no parametric results. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) in calcium release were found at the 3-, 24-, and 72-hour evaluations. All of the analyzed groups presented a release of calcium ions up to 168 h, and the general tendency was to increase up to 672 h, with a maximum release of 25.45 mg/g in the ProRoot group. We could only observe significant differences (p < 0.05) in pH value over 168 h between the Biodentine (7.93) and Angelus MTA (7.31) groups. Conclusions: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in calcium release. Nevertheless, no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the pH values were found at the studied timepoints, except for the values at 168 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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11 pages, 2667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity and Sustained Effectiveness of Calcium Silicate-Based Cement as a Root-End Filling Material against Enterococcus faecalis

by Seong-Hee Moon, Seong-Jin Shin, Seunghan Oh and Ji-Myung Bae

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186124 - 08 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 893

Abstract

Several calcium silicate cement (CSC) types with improved handling properties have been developed lately for root-end filling applications. While sealing ability is important, a high biocompatibility and antimicrobial effects are critical. This study aimed to conduct a comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy and sustained antibacterial effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) of commercially available CSCs mixed with distilled water (DW) and chlorhexidine (CHX). Various products, viz., ProRoot mixed with DW (PRW) or with CHX (PRC), Endocem mixed with DW (EW) or with CHX (EC), and Endocem premixed (EP) syringe type, were used. While antibacterial activity against E. faecalis was evaluated using a direct contact method, the specimens were stored in a shaking incubator for 30 d for antibacterial sustainability. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 assay in human periodontal ligament stem cells. The antibacterial activities of EP, EW, and EC were greater than those of PRC and PRW (p < 0.05). The antibacterial sustainability of EP was the highest without cytotoxicity for up to 30 days (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the pre-mixed injectable type EP was most effective in terms of antibacterial activity and sustained antibacterial effectiveness without cytotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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16 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Washout Resistance of Bioactive Root-End Filling Materials

by Joanna Falkowska, Tomasz Chady, Włodzimierz Dura, Agnieszka Droździk, Małgorzata Tomasik, Ewa Marek, Krzysztof Safranow and Mariusz Lipski

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5757; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175757 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 832

Abstract

Fast-setting bioactive cements were developed for the convenience of retrograde fillings during endodontic microsurgery. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation on the washout of relatively fast-setting materials (Biodentine, EndoCem Zr, and MTA HP) in comparison with MTA Angelus White and IRM in an apicectomy model. Washout resistance was assessed using artificial root ends. A total of 150 samples (30 for each material) were tested. All samples were photographed using a microscope, and half of them were also scanned. The samples were irrigated and immersed in saline for 15 min. Then the models were evaluated. Rinsing and immersing the samples immediately after root-end filling and after 3 min did not disintegrate the fillings made of all tested materials except Biodentine. Root-end fillings made of Biodentine suffered significant damage both when rinsing was performed immediately and 3 min after the filling. Quantitative assessment of washed material resulted in a slight loss of IRM, EndoCem MTA Zr, and MTA HP. MTA Angelus White showed a slightly greater washout. Rinsing and immersion of Biodentine restorations resulted in their significant destruction. Under the conditions of the current study, the evaluated materials, excluding Biodentine, showed good or relatively good washout resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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14 pages, 9333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheological Properties and Setting Kinetics of Bioceramic Hydraulic Cements: ProRoot MTA versus RS+

by Arne Peter Jevnikar, Tine Malgaj, Kristian Radan, Ipeknaz Özden, Monika Kušter and Andraž Kocjan

Materials 2023, 16(8), 3174; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083174 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1374

Abstract

Hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSCs) have become a superior bioceramic alternative to epoxy-based root canal sealers in endodontics. A new generation of purified HCSCs formulations has emerged to address the several drawbacks of original Portland-based mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). This study was designed to assess the physio-chemical properties of a ProRoot MTA and compare it with newly formulated RS+, a synthetic HCSC, by advanced characterisation techniques that allow for in situ analyses. Visco-elastic behaviour was monitored with rheometry, while phase transformation kinetics were followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopies. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and laser-diffraction analyses was performed to evaluate the compositional and morphological characteristics of both cements. While the kinetics of surface hydration of both powders, when mixed with water, were comparable, an order of magnitude finer particle size distribution of RS+ coupled with the modified biocompatible formulation proved pivotal in its ability to exert predictable viscous flow during working time, and it was more than two times faster in viscoelastic-to-elastic transition, reflecting improved handling and setting behaviour. Finally, RS+ could be completely transformed into hydration products, i.e., calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide, within 48 h, while hydration products were not yet detected by XRD in ProRoot MTA and were obviously bound to particulate surface in a thin film. Because of the favourable rheological and faster setting kinetics, synthetic, finer-grained HCSCs, such as RS+, represent a viable option as an alternative to conventional MTA-based HCSCs for endodontic treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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12 pages, 2877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Surface Characteristics and Bond Strength of a Resin Nanoceramic

by Xiaoming Zhu, Jiamin Shi, Xinyi Ye, Xinrong Ma, Miao Zheng, Yang Yang and Jianguo Tan

Materials 2023, 16(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010044 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1322

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment on resin nanoceramic (RNC) surface state and its bond strength with resin cement. RNC with different surface treatments were prepared: control, sandblasting treatment (SB), hydrofluoric acid etching (HF) and plasma treatment of helium gas (CAP-He) and argon gas (CAP-Ar). The prepared samples were measured by SEM, Ra, Rz, contact angle goniometer, and XPS for surface characteristics. The shear bond test of RNC was examined in nine groups: SB + saline coupling agent (SL), HF + SL, CAP-He/Ar, CAP-He/Ar + SL, SB + CAP-He/Ar + SL, and control. The bond strength between RNC and resin cement was compared using shear bond strength test, before and after thermocycling. After CAP irradiation, the surface topography maintained, while the surface water contact angle was significantly reduced to 10.18° ± 1.36° (CAP-He) and 7.58° ± 1.79° (CAP-Ar). The removal of carbon contamination and inducing of oxygen radicals was detected after CAP treatment. The bond strength was improved by CAP treatment, but varied on CAP gas species and combination methods. CAP of Ar gas had better SBS than He gas. After thermocycling, CAP-Ar + SL showed the maximized shear bond strength (32.38 ± 1.42 MPa), even higher than SB + SL group (30.08 ± 2.80 MPa, p < 0.05). In conclusion, CAP treatment of helium and argon can improve the bonding properties of RNC by improving surface wettability, and CAP of argon gas combined with silane coupling agent shows the highest bond strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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12 pages, 1738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties and Root Canal Shaping Ability of a Nickel–Titanium Rotary System for Minimally Invasive Endodontic Treatment: A Comparative In Vitro Study

by Hayate Unno, Arata Ebihara, Keiko Hirano, Yuka Kasuga, Satoshi Omori, Taro Nakatsukasa, Shunsuke Kimura, Keiichiro Maki and Takashi Okiji

Materials 2022, 15(22), 7929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227929 - 09 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

Selection of an appropriate nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary system is important for minimally invasive endodontic treatment, which aims to preserve as much root canal dentin as possible. This study aimed to evaluate selected mechanical properties and the root canal shaping ability of TruNatomy (TRN), a NiTi rotary system designed for minimally invasive endodontic shaping, in comparison with existing instruments: HyFlex EDM (HEDM), ProTaper Next (PTN), and WaveOne Gold (WOG). Load values measured with a cantilever bending test were ranked as TRN < HEDM < WOG < PTN (p < 0.05). A dynamic cyclic fatigue test revealed that the number of cycles to fracture was ranked as HEDM > WOG > TRN > PTN (p < 0.05). Torque and vertical force generated during instrumentation of J-shaped artificial resin canals were measured using an automated instrumentation device connected to a torque and vertical force measuring system; TRN exhibited smaller torque and vertical force values in most comparisons with the other instruments. The canal centering ratio for TRN was smaller than or comparable to that for the other instruments except for WOG at the apex level. Under the present experimental conditions, TRN showed higher flexibility and lower torque and vertical force values than the other instruments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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9 pages, 7672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of NiTi Wire Diameter on Cyclic and Torsional Fatigue Resistance of Different Heat-Treated Endodontic Instruments

by Eugenio Pedullà, Francesco Saverio Canova, Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa, Alfred Naaman, Franck Diemer, Luigi Generali and Walid Nehme

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196568 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1505

Abstract

We compared the mechanical properties of 2Shape mini TS2 (Micro-Mega, Besançon, France) obtained from 1.0 diameter nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires and 2Shape TS2 from 1.2 diameter nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires differently thermally treated at room and body temperature. We used 120 NiTi TS2 1.0 and TS2 1.2 files made from controlled memory (CM) wire and T-wire (n = 10). Cyclic fatigue resistance was tested by recording the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) at room and body temperatures using a customized testing device. Maximum torque and angle of rotation at failure were recorded, according to ISO 3630-1. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). The CM-wire files had significantly higher NCFs at both temperatures, independent of wire dimensions. Testing at body temperature negatively affected cyclic fatigue of all files. The 1.0-mm diameter T-wire instruments showed higher NCF than the 1.2-mm diameter, whereas no significant differences emerged between the two CM wires at either temperature. The maximum torque was not significantly different across files. The TS2 CM-wire files showed significantly higher angular rotation to fracture than T-wire files. The TS2 CM-wire prototypes showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than T-wire prototypes, regardless of wire size, exhibiting suitable torsional properties. Torsional behavior appears to not be affected by NiTi wire size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry)

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