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Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization
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Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2024 | Viewed by 5554

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Anna Zawada-Tomkiewicz

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology (Politechnika Koszalinska), Koszalin, Poland
Interests: surface metrology; time–frequency and wavelet analysis; neural networks; diagnostics; evaluation of dimensions and shape; computed tomography
Dr. Krzysztof Ciecieląg

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
Interests: machining; polymer composite; metal alloys; defect detection; surface layer
Dr. Árpád Czifra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Interests: surface roughness measurement; characterization of surface topographies; microgeometrical properties of coated surfaces
Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Zaleski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
Interests: machining; brushing and shot peening; metal alloys; surface layer

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Topography is of great importance for the functional behavior of the surface, strongly interacting with material properties and operating conditions. The characterization of surface topography includes measurement, visualization and quantification, which currently involves mainly digital techniques and the extensive use of computers: data acquisition, conditioning, visualization, elaboration and quantification.

The goal of this Special Issue is to present new methods and directions in the characterization of the microtopographic surface in relation to its material structure. Papers on the novelty of various surface topography measurement, analysis and characterization techniques are expected, but papers on new perspectives on the characterization of engineering surfaces in production and tribological operation may also be accepted.

Dr. Anna Zawada-Tomkiewicz
Dr. Krzysztof Ciecieląg
Dr. Árpád Czifra
Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Zaleski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • measurements of the surface topography of materials
  • characterization and modeling of the surface topography of materials
  • analysis and characterization of surface texture features
  • visual features of the surface of the material
  • tribological properties of the surface topography of materials
  • models of the shaping and optimization of surface topography
  • characteristics of the topography of worn surfaces
  • surface characteristics in additive manufacturing
  • topography of the surface of composite materials
  • surface topography of porous materials and foams

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 15592 KiB  
Article
Surface Characterization of Metallic Materials in the Case of the Turning Process of NiTi Alloy
by Anna Zawada-Tomkiewicz and Dariusz Tomkiewicz
Materials 2024, 17(2), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020487 - 19 Jan 2024
Viewed by 473
Abstract
A study was made of the machinability of NiTi alloy in turning, under conditions resulting in a small cutting layer. The experiment involved cutting with variable feeds ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mm/rev. The cutting conditions were carefully chosen, considering the rounding radius [...] Read more.
A study was made of the machinability of NiTi alloy in turning, under conditions resulting in a small cutting layer. The experiment involved cutting with variable feeds ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mm/rev. The cutting conditions were carefully chosen, considering the rounding radius of the cutting edge. The machined surface was examined and measured in 3D using a confocal microscope and in 2D with a contact profilometer. These measurements were used to estimate hmin, leading to the development of a surface formation model that considers both the lateral material flow due to hmin and the lateral material flow due to altered thermodynamic conditions from the previous blade pass. A method for evaluating the surface and selecting its characteristics was proposed based on analyses derived directly from surface features: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) with the Hilbert transform (Hilbert–Huang transform). PCA analysis facilitated the examination of individual surface component variances, while analysis of the IMF components enabled the assessment of surface component energy combined with instantaneous frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization)
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16 pages, 6468 KiB  
Article
Micro- and Nano-Roughness Separation Based on Fractal Analysis
by Árpád Czifra and Erzsébet Ancza
Materials 2024, 17(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020292 - 06 Jan 2024
Viewed by 588
Abstract
When describing the tribological behaviour of technical surfaces, the need for full-length scale microtopographic characterization often arises. The self-affine of surfaces and the characterisation of self-affine using a fractal dimension and its implantation into tribological models are commonly used. The goal of our [...] Read more.
When describing the tribological behaviour of technical surfaces, the need for full-length scale microtopographic characterization often arises. The self-affine of surfaces and the characterisation of self-affine using a fractal dimension and its implantation into tribological models are commonly used. The goal of our present work was to determine the frequency range of fractal behaviour of surfaces by analysing the microtopographic measurements of an anodised aluminium brake plunger. We also wanted to know if bifractal and multifractal behaviour can be detected in real machine parts. As a result, we developed a new methodology for determining the fractal range boundaries to separate the nano- and micro-roughness. To reach our goals, we used an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a stylus instrument to obtain measurements in a wide frequency range (19 nm–3 mm). Power spectral density (PSD)-based fractal evaluation found that the examined surface could not be characterised by a single fractal dimension. A new method capable of separating nano- and micro-roughness has been developed for investigating multifractal behaviour. The presented procedure separates nano- and micro-roughness based on the geometric characteristics of surfaces. In this way, it becomes possible to specifically examine the relationship between the micro-geometry that can be measured in each wavelength range and the effects of cutting technology and the material structure that creates them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization)
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18 pages, 2758 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Tensile Strength of Adhesive-Bonded Steels Using Surface Treatments
by Péter Kovács, Benjámin Körömi, Zoltán Weltsch and Miklós Berczeli
Materials 2023, 16(24), 7663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247663 - 15 Dec 2023
Viewed by 683
Abstract
This study explores the tensile strength of adhesive joints in steel, focusing on the influence of heat treatment and diverse surface modifications. Results indicate a notable relationship between annealing temperature and tensile strength, with the most favorable outcomes identified at 90 min and [...] Read more.
This study explores the tensile strength of adhesive joints in steel, focusing on the influence of heat treatment and diverse surface modifications. Results indicate a notable relationship between annealing temperature and tensile strength, with the most favorable outcomes identified at 90 min and 165 °C. Particularly, surfaces treated through turning, sandblasting, and plasma treatment (type C) consistently outperformed other methods. A standout revelation emerged from the turned, sandblasted, and plasma-treated surface (C), showcasing an exceptional tensile strength of 69.06 MPa. Load-holding tests underscored its resilience under diverse load conditions. Surface analyses, including roughness measurements, wetting characteristics, and Scanning Electron Microscope imaging, provided valuable insights into structural transformations induced by different treatments. Chemical composition examinations unveiled significant alterations post-plasma treatment, impacting surface chemistry and contributing to an outstanding tensile strength of 67.63 MPa. In essence, this research offers a glimpse into the nuanced factors influencing adhesive joint strength in steel. The turned, sandblasted, and plasma-treated surface emerges as a promising avenue, sparking further curiosity into the underlying mechanisms propelling superior tensile strength in adhesive joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization)
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14 pages, 10744 KiB  
Article
Effects of Machining Parameters and Tool Reconditioning on Cutting Force, Tool Wear, Surface Roughness and Burr Formation in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling
by Gábor Kónya and Zsolt F. Kovács
Materials 2023, 16(22), 7140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227140 - 13 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 800
Abstract
Nickel-based superalloys are among the most difficult materials to machine because they have high thermal strength, they are prone to hardening, carbides severely abrade the tool, and they have very poor thermal conductivity. Slot milling is a specific issue as it is characterized [...] Read more.
Nickel-based superalloys are among the most difficult materials to machine because they have high thermal strength, they are prone to hardening, carbides severely abrade the tool, and they have very poor thermal conductivity. Slot milling is a specific issue as it is characterized by rapid tool wear and frequent tool breakages. This is why reconditioned tools are frequently employed in industrial environments, as they can considerably decrease the expenses associated with tools. The chosen machining strategy also plays a crucial role in the tool’s lifespan and the quality of the machined surface, making it essential to select the appropriate strategy. Hence, the authors have opted for two conventional trochoidal strategies, namely the circular and swinging toolpath, along with a contemporary toolpath known as the Autodesk Inventor HSM Adaptive strategy. The authors investigated the effects of technological parameters and toolpaths on cutting forces, tool wear, surface roughness and burr formation on machined edges. The results show that lower cutting parameters and adaptive strategies lead to the smallest tool loads, tool wear, the best quality of surface roughness and burr formation on machined edges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization)
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14 pages, 5662 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Geometric Surface Structure and Surface Layer Microhardness of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy after Vibratory Shot Peening
by Jakub Matuszak
Materials 2023, 16(21), 6983; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216983 - 31 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 732
Abstract
This article presents an analysis of the impact of vibratory shot peening on the surface roughness and physical properties of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy surface layer after milling. The elements of machine parts and structures made of titanium alloys are often exposed to [...] Read more.
This article presents an analysis of the impact of vibratory shot peening on the surface roughness and physical properties of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy surface layer after milling. The elements of machine parts and structures made of titanium alloys are often exposed to variable loads during operation. Therefore, it is advisable to apply methods that enhance functional properties and increase the durability of interacting components. Increasing the operational durability of such elements can be achieved by vibratory shot peening. Variable amplitudes A = 24; 33; 42; 51; 60 mm and times t = 1; 7; 13; 19; 25 min were applied. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to achieve a threefold reduction in the roughness parameter, Sa = 0.344 µm, compared with milling, Sa = 0.95 µm. An increase in Smr(c) areal material ratio was observed after vibratory shot peening compared with milling. It has been shown that amplitude has a greater impact on the increase in hardening of the surface layer gh compared with time. The highest rate of change in surface roughness and thickness of the hardened layer was achieved at a vibratory shot-peening time of t = 13 min. The greatest thickness of the hardened layer, exceeding 200 µm, was obtained after shot peening with an amplitude of A = 60 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization)
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0 pages, 7976 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Optical and Stylus Methods for Surface Texture Characterisation in Industrial Quality Assurance of Post-Processed Laser Metal Additive Ti-6Al-4V
by Theresa Buchenau, Tobias Mertens, Hubertus Lohner, Hauke Bruening and Marc Amkreutz
Materials 2023, 16(13), 4815; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134815 - 04 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 995
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies enable lightweight, functionally integrated designs and development of biomimetic structures. They contribute to the reduction of material waste and decrease in overall process duration. A major challenge for the qualification for aerospace applications is the surface quality. Considering Ti-64 laser [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing technologies enable lightweight, functionally integrated designs and development of biomimetic structures. They contribute to the reduction of material waste and decrease in overall process duration. A major challenge for the qualification for aerospace applications is the surface quality. Considering Ti-64 laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) parts, particle agglomerations and resulting re-entrant features are characteristic of the upper surface layer. Wet-chemical post-processing of the components ensures reproducible surface quality for improved fatigue behaviour and application of functional coatings. The 3D SurFin® and chemical milling treatments result in smoother surface finishes with characteristic properties. In order to characterise these surfaces, three methods for surface texture measurement (contact and non-contact) were applied, namely confocal microscopy, fringe projection and stylus profilometry. The aim of this work was to show their suitability for measurement of laser powder bed fusion as-built and post-processed surfaces and compare results across the evaluated surface conditions. A user-oriented rating of the methods, summarising advantages and disadvantages of the used instruments specifically and the methods in general, is provided. Confocal microscopy reaches the highest resolution amongst the methods, but measurements take a long time. The raw data exhibit large measurement artefacts for as-built and chemically milled conditions, requiring proper data post-processing. The stylus method can only capture 2D profiles and the measurement was restricted by particle agglomerations and craters. However, the method (process and instrument) is entirely standardised and handheld devices are inexpensive, making it accessible for a large group of users. The fringe projection method was the quickest and easiest regarding measurement and data post-processing. Due to large areal coverage, reproduction of location when performing repeat measurements is possible. The spatial resolution is lower than for confocal microscopy but is still considered sufficiently high to characterise the investigated surface conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization)
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