Materials

Research

Jump to: Review

18 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Novel Hemp-Based Building Material

by Daniela Rivas-Aybar, Michele John and Wahidul Biswas

Materials 2023, 16(22), 7208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227208 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2793

Abstract

The global construction sector contributes a significant share of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, infrastructure activity alone generates 18% of the GHG emissions. The use of low-embodied carbon building materials is crucial to decarbonise the construction sector and fulfil national and [...] Read more.

The global construction sector contributes a significant share of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, infrastructure activity alone generates 18% of the GHG emissions. The use of low-embodied carbon building materials is crucial to decarbonise the construction sector and fulfil national and international climate goals. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a promising feedstock for low-carbon construction materials because of its carbon sequestration capacity, fast-growing cycles, and technical functionality comparable to traditional materials. This study utilised the life cycle assessment (LCA) guideline ISO 14040:2006 to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of hemp-based building materials in Western Australia capturing region-specific variations in terms of inputs, soil, productivity, and energy mix. The functional unit was 1 m² of a hemp-based board, and the system boundary was cradle-to-gate, i.e., pre-farm, on-farm, and post-farm activities. The CF of 1 m² of hemp-based board was estimated to be −2.302 kg CO₂ eq. Electricity from the public grid for bio-based binder production during the post-farm stage was the main contributor to total CO₂ eq emissions (26%), followed by urea production (14%) during the pre-farm stage. Overall, the use of electricity from the public grid during the post-farm stage accounted for 45% of total emissions. Sensitivity analysis showed that the CF of hemp-based boards was highly sensitive to the source of energy; i.e., total replacement of the public grid by solar power decreased the CF by 164% (−2.30 to −6.07 kg CO₂ eq). The results suggested that hemp-based boards exhibit lower embodied GHG emissions compared to traditional materials, such as gypsum plasterboards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Evaluation of Properties of an Additive Based on Bismuth Titanates for Cement Systems

by Svetlana V. Samchenko, Irina V. Kozlova, Andrey V. Korshunov, Olga V. Zemskova and Marina O. Dudareva

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186262 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 684

Abstract

The development of modern building materials science involves the process of designing innovative materials that exhibit unique characteristics, such as energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, self-healing ability, and photocatalytic properties. This can be achieved by modifying cement with nano- and fine-dispersed additives that can [...] Read more.

The development of modern building materials science involves the process of designing innovative materials that exhibit unique characteristics, such as energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, self-healing ability, and photocatalytic properties. This can be achieved by modifying cement with nano- and fine-dispersed additives that can give the material new properties. Such additives include a number of compounds based on the TiO₂-Bi₂O₃ system. These compounds have photocatalytic activity in the near-UV and visible range of the spectrum, which can serve to create photocatalytic concretes. Here, the purpose of this scientific study was to synthesize compounds based on the TiO₂-Bi₂O₃ system using two methods in order to identify the most optimal variant for creating a composite material and determine its properties. Within the framework of this article, two methods of obtaining a photocatalytically active additive based on the TiO₂-Bi₂O₃ system are considered: the solid-state and citrate-based methods. The photocatalytic, mechanical and structural properties of composites containing the synthesized additive are investigated. In this study, it was found that for the creation of photocatalytic concretes, it is advisable to use cement compositions with a bismuth titanate content of 3–10 wt.%. of the cement content, regardless of the method of obtaining the additive. However, the most optimal composition is one containing 5 wt.% of the synthesized additive. It is noted that compositions containing 5% by weight of bismuth titanate demonstrate photocatalytic activity and also show an increase in strength on the first day of hardening by 10% for the solid-state method and 16% for the citrate method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 38762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Molecular Simulation of Polyethylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites for Their Physical Properties and Foam Morphology

by Rahida Wati Sharudin, Nik Salwani Md Azmi, Anuaruddin Hanizan, Suffiyana Akhbar, Zakiah Ahmad and Masahiro Ohshima

Materials 2023, 16(8), 3122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083122 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1203

Abstract

Polyethylene materials are of great interest to be used in many applications due to their many advantageous characteristics. It is light, highly chemical resistant, easy to process, low in cost and has good mechanical properties. Polyethylene is widely used as a cable-insulating material. [...] Read more.

Polyethylene materials are of great interest to be used in many applications due to their many advantageous characteristics. It is light, highly chemical resistant, easy to process, low in cost and has good mechanical properties. Polyethylene is widely used as a cable-insulating material. However, research is still needed to further improve its insulation quality and properties. In this study, an experimental and alternative approach through a dynamic modeling method was conducted. The main objective was to investigate the effect of modified organoclay concentration on the properties of polyethylene/organoclay nanocomposites by observing their characterization and optical and mechanical properties. The thermogram curve reveals that 2 wt% organoclay used has the highest crystallinity (46.7%) while the highest amount of organoclay used produced the lowest crystallinity (31.2%). The presence of cracks was also observed mostly in the nanocomposite with higher content of organoclay, usually where 2.0 wt% and above of organoclay was used. Morphological observation from simulation results supports the experimental work. Only small pores were observed to form in lower concentrations, and as the concentration was increased to 2.0 wt% and above, the pores present became larger in size. Increasing the concentration of organoclay up to 2.0 wt% reduced the interfacial tension while increasing the concentration above 2.0 wt% did not bring any changes to the interfacial tension value. Different formulations produced different behavior of nanocomposite. Hence the control of the formulation was important to control the final result of the products for appropriate application in different sectors of industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Radiation and Radical Grafting Compatibilization of Polymers for Improved Bituminous Binders—A Review

by Wiktoria Baranowska, Magdalena Rzepna, Przemysław Ostrowski and Hanna Lewandowska

Materials 2024, 17(7), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071642 - 03 Apr 2024

Viewed by 617

Abstract

This review scrutinizes current research on new methods for enhancing bituminous binder performance through radiation and radical grafting of polymer modifiers of bitumen. It investigates innovative methods, including using waste polymers as modifiers and applying radiation for polymer grafting, to overcome challenges like [...] Read more.

This review scrutinizes current research on new methods for enhancing bituminous binder performance through radiation and radical grafting of polymer modifiers of bitumen. It investigates innovative methods, including using waste polymers as modifiers and applying radiation for polymer grafting, to overcome challenges like high costs, low aging resistance, and storage stability issues, of which separation of phases polymer/bitumen is the most significant obstacle. These advanced modification techniques promise sustainability through the decrease of the carbon footprint of transportation systems by improving the properties and durability of binders. Additionally, this review discusses the parameters and mechanistic aspects from a scientific perspective, shedding light on the underlying processes that contribute to the improved performance of modified bituminous binders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2969 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Hygroscopic Agents for Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems

by Qi Bai, Wanlai Zhou, Wenzhong Cui and Zhiyong Qi

Materials 2024, 17(3), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030722 - 02 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1126

Abstract

Adsorptive atmospheric water harvesting systems (AWHs) represent an innovative approach to collecting freshwater resources from the atmosphere, with a hygroscopic agent at their core. This method has garnered significant attention due to its broad applicability, strong recycling capacity, and sustainability. It is being [...] Read more.

Adsorptive atmospheric water harvesting systems (AWHs) represent an innovative approach to collecting freshwater resources from the atmosphere, with a hygroscopic agent at their core. This method has garnered significant attention due to its broad applicability, strong recycling capacity, and sustainability. It is being positioned as a key technology to address global freshwater scarcity. The core agent’s hygroscopic properties play a crucial role in determining the performance of the AWHs. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in hygroscopic agents, including their adsorption mechanisms and classifications. This study of hygroscopic agents analyzes the performance and characteristics of relevant porous material composite polymer composites and plant composites. It also evaluates the design and preparation of these materials. Aiming at the problems of low moisture adsorption and desorption difficulty of the hygroscopic agent, the factors affecting the water vapor adsorption performance and the method of enhancing the hygroscopic performance of the material are summarized and put forward. For the effect of hygroscopic agents on the volume of water catchment devices, the difference in density before and after hygroscopicity is proposed as part of the evaluation criteria. Moisture absorption per unit volume is added as a performance evaluation criterion to assess the effect of hygroscopic agents on the volume of water collection equipment. The article identifies areas that require further research and development for moisture absorbers, exploring their potential applications in other fields and anticipating the future development direction and opportunities of moisture-absorbing materials. The goal is to promote the early realization of adsorptive atmospheric water harvesting technology for large-scale industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 10528 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage over Metallic Bismuth-Based Materials

by Xiaolong Cheng, Dongjun Li, Yu Jiang, Fangzhi Huang and Shikuo Li

Materials 2024, 17(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010021 - 20 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

Bismuth (Bi) has been prompted many investigations into the development of next-generation energy storage systems on account of its unique physicochemical properties. Although there are still some challenges, the application of metallic Bi-based materials in the field of energy storage still has good [...] Read more.

Bismuth (Bi) has been prompted many investigations into the development of next-generation energy storage systems on account of its unique physicochemical properties. Although there are still some challenges, the application of metallic Bi-based materials in the field of energy storage still has good prospects. Herein, we systematically review the application and development of metallic Bi-based anode in lithium ion batteries and beyond-lithium ion batteries. The reaction mechanism, modification methodologies and their relationship with electrochemical performance are discussed in detail. Additionally, owing to the unique physicochemical properties of Bi and Bi-based alloys, some innovative investigations of metallic Bi-based materials in alkali metal anode modification and sulfur cathodes are systematically summarized for the first time. Following the obtained insights, the main unsolved challenges and research directions are pointed out on the research trend and potential applications of the Bi-based materials in various energy storage fields in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 8356 KiB

Open AccessReview

4D Printing Shape-Morphing Hybrid Biomaterials for Advanced Bioengineering Applications

by Irene Chiesa, Maria Rachele Ceccarini, Silvia Bittolo Bon, Michela Codini, Tommaso Beccari, Luca Valentini and Carmelo De Maria

Materials 2023, 16(20), 6661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206661 - 12 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1034

Abstract

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an innovative additive manufacturing technology used to fabricate structures that can evolve over time when exposed to a predefined environmental stimulus. 4D printed objects are no longer static objects but programmable active structures that accomplish their functions thanks to [...] Read more.

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an innovative additive manufacturing technology used to fabricate structures that can evolve over time when exposed to a predefined environmental stimulus. 4D printed objects are no longer static objects but programmable active structures that accomplish their functions thanks to a change over time in their physical/chemical properties that usually displays macroscopically as a shapeshifting in response to an external stimulus. 4D printing is characterized by several entangled features (e.g., involved material(s), structure geometry, and applied stimulus entities) that need to be carefully coupled to obtain a favorable fabrication and a functioning structure. Overall, the integration of micro-/nanofabrication methods of biomaterials with nanomaterials represents a promising approach for the development of advanced materials. The ability to construct complex and multifunctional triggerable structures capable of being activated allows for the control of biomedical device activity, reducing the need for invasive interventions. Such advancements provide new tools to biomedical engineers and clinicians to design dynamically actuated implantable devices. In this context, the aim of this review is to demonstrate the potential of 4D printing as an enabling manufacturing technology to code the environmentally triggered physical evolution of structures and devices of biomedical interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4945 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Natural Products and Their Derivatives in Marine Antifouling

by Wenwen Zhao, Zhiqiang Wu, Yanming Liu, Pan Dai, Guojuan Hai, Feng Liu, Yu Shang, Zhongyue Cao and Wufang Yang

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186190 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 961

Abstract

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, it is necessary to develop natural product extracts as antifouling (AF) agents for alternatives to toxic biocides or metal-based AF paints to control biofouling. This paper briefly summarizes the latest developments in the natural product extracts [...] Read more.

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, it is necessary to develop natural product extracts as antifouling (AF) agents for alternatives to toxic biocides or metal-based AF paints to control biofouling. This paper briefly summarizes the latest developments in the natural product extracts and their derivatives or analogues from marine microorganisms to terrestrial plants as AF agents in the last five years. Moreover, this paper discusses the structures–activity relationship of these AF compounds and expands their AF mechanisms. Inspired by the molecular structure of natural products, some derivatives or analogues of natural product extracts and some novel strategies for improving the AF activity of protective coatings have been proposed as guidance for the development of a new generation of environmentally friendly AF agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

► Show Figures