Submit to Special Issue Submit Abstract to Special Issue Review for Materials Propose a Special Issue

Journal Browser

Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 September 2024 | Viewed by 11894

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tomasz Trzepieciński

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powst. Warszawy 8, 39-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: anisotropic plasticity; computational modeling; constitutive modeling; finite element method (FEM); friction; friction welding; manufacturing processes; sheet metal forming; tribology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Valentin Ştefan Oleksik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
Interests: finite element analysis; explicit dynamics analysis; metal forming technologies; incremental forming process; material characterization; biomechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Sherwan Mohammed Najm

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Kirkuk Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
Interests: sheet metal forming; single point incremental forming; metal forming technologies; plastic working; materials characterization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a great honor to serve as the Guest Editor of a Special Issue of Materials that focuses on Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials (2nd edition). I am pleased to inform you of the opportunity to submit a research or review paper to this Special Issue.

The plastic working of metallic and polymeric materials is today's ’most efficient and important manufacturing technology in industry. Lightweight materials, such as titanium alloys, aluminium alloys, ultra-high-strength steels, composites and polymers, are extensively used in automotive, aerospace, transportation, and construction industries, leading to increasing demand for advanced innovative forming technologies. Today, numerical simulation is highly focused and offers a better understanding of innovative forming processes. The computational methods and numerical analysis, coupled with the modeling of the structural evolution, allow us to reduce the time spent and eliminate experimental tests.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present the latest achievements in various modern forming processes and the latest research related to the computational methods for forming technologies. Research articles that focus on new developments in the formation of advanced materials are welcome for consideration of publication. I truly believe that this Special Issue will help the research community to enhance their understanding of the present status and trends of modern material-forming processes. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Aerospace and automotive metal-forming technologies,
Computational techniques for metal-forming processes,
Constitutive modeling of engineering materials,
Durability and wear resistance of tools,
Formability of materials,
Friction and lubrication in metal-forming processes,
High-speed forming technologies,
Hydroforming processes,
Microstructure and mechanical properties of advanced materials,
Technology of incremental sheet forming.

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Trzepieciński
Prof. Dr. Valentin Ştefan Oleksik
Dr. Sherwan Mohammed Najm
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

computational methods
constitutive modeling
finite element method
friction
incremental sheet forming
lubrication
material characterization
metal forming
microstructure
plastic working
sheet metal forming
superplasticity

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Research

21 pages, 16346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Effect of Surface Preparation of Aluminum Alloy Sheets on the Load-Bearing Capacity and Failure Energy of an Epoxy-Bonded Adhesive Joint

by Barbara Ciecińska, Jacek Mucha and Łukasz Bąk

Materials 2024, 17(9), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091948 - 23 Apr 2024

Viewed by 206

Abstract

Surface preparation is an important step in adhesive technology. A variety of abrasive, chemical, or concentrated energy source treatments are used. The effects of these treatments vary due to the variety of factors affecting the final strength of bonded joints. This paper presents the results of an experimental study conducted to determine the feasibility of using fiber laser surface treatments in place of technologically and environmentally cumbersome methods. The effect of surface modification was studied on three materials: aluminum EN AW-1050A and aluminum alloys EN AW-2024 and EN AW-5083. For comparison purposes, joints were made with sandblasted and laser-textured surfaces and those rolled as reference samples for the selected overlap variant, glued with epoxy adhesive. The joints were made with an overlap of 8, 10, 12.5, 14, and 16 mm, and these tests made it possible to demonstrate laser processing as a useful technique to reduce the size of the overlap and achieve even higher load-bearing capacity of the joint compared to sandblasting. A comparative analysis was also carried out for the failure force of the adhesive bond and the failure energy. The results show the efficiency and desirability of using lasers in bonding, allowing us to reduce harmful technologies and reduce the weight of the bonded structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Load-Bearing Capacity in EN AW-2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheets Strengthened by SPIF-Fabricated Stiffening Rib

by Hassanein I. Khalaf, Raheem Al-Sabur, Andrzej Kubit, Łukasz Święch, Krzysztof Żaba and Vit Novák

Materials 2024, 17(8), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081730 - 10 Apr 2024

Viewed by 364

Abstract

The aluminum strength-to-weight ratio has become a highly significant factor in industrial applications. Placing stiffening ribs along the surface can significantly improve the panel’s resistance to bending and compression in aluminum alloys. This study used single-point incremental forming (SPIF) to fabricate stiffening ribs for 1 mm and 3 mm thick aluminum alloy EN AW-2024-T3 sheets. A universal compression machine was used to investigate sheet deformation. The resulting deformation was examined using non-contact digital image correlation (DIC) based on several high-resolution cameras. The results showed that deformation progressively escalated from the edges toward the center, and the highest buckling values were confined within the non-strengthened area. Specimens with a larger thickness (3 mm) showed better effectiveness against buckling and bending for each applied load: 8 kN or 10 kN. Additionally, the displacement from the sheet surface decreased by 60% for sheets 3 mm thick and by half for sheets 1 mm thick, which indicated that thicker sheets could resist deformation better. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of High-Frequency Measurement Errors from Turned Surface Topography Data Using Machine Learning Methods

by Przemysław Podulka, Monika Kulisz and Katarzyna Antosz

Materials 2024, 17(7), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071456 - 22 Mar 2024

Viewed by 507

Abstract

Manufacturing processes in industry applications are often controlled by the evaluation of surface topography. Topography, in its overall performance, includes form, waviness, and roughness. Methods of measurement of surface roughness can be roughly divided into tactile and contactless techniques. The latter ones are much faster but sensitive to external disturbances from the environment. One type of external source error, while the measurement of surface topography occurs, is a high-frequency noise. This noise originates from the vibration of the measuring system. In this study, the methods for reducing high-frequency errors from the results of contactless roughness measurements of turned surfaces were supported by machine learning methods. This research delves into optimizing filtration methods for surface topography measurements through the application of machine learning models, focusing on enhancing the accuracy of surface roughness assessments. By examining turned surfaces under specific machining conditions and employing a variety of digital filters, the study identifies the Gaussian regression filter and spline filter as the most effective methods at a 22.5 µm cut-off. Utilizing neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees, the research demonstrates the superior performance of SVMs, achieving remarkable accuracy and sensitivity in predicting optimal filtration methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 9808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of 2D Ultrasonic Vibration Incremental Forming of a 1060 Aluminum Alloy Sheet

by Yuan Lv, Yifan Wang, Yan Wang, Xixiang Pan, Cong Yi and Meng’en Dong

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061235 - 07 Mar 2024

Viewed by 498

Abstract

Currently, 1060 aluminum alloy is widely applied in the electronics industry, construction, the aerospace field, traffic engineering, decorations, and the consumer goods market for its good chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. In general, excellent processing property is necessary and important for the manufacturing of complicated panels. In this paper, a special 2D ultrasonic vibration incremental forming method is designed to improve its plasticity and mechanical properties. Three kind of processing methods, including traditional single-point incremental forming, longitudinal ultrasonic vibration incremental forming, and 2D ultrasonic vibration incremental forming, are used for the flexible manufacturing of cones and cylindrical cups of 1060 aluminum alloy sheet. Then, micro-hardness tests, residual stress tests, and scanning electron microscopy tests are carried out to probe the changes in micro-structure and mechanical properties and to analyze the effects of different types of ultrasonic vibration on the plasticity and fracture characteristic of 1060 aluminum alloy. It is proven that 2D ultrasonic vibration facilitates the improvement of plasticity and surface qualities of 1060 aluminum alloy better than the other two processing methods. Therefore, the novel 2D ultrasonic vibration incremental forming process possesses substantial application value for the flexible and rapid manufacturing of complicated thin-walled component of aluminum alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Selection of Leveler Parameters Using FEM Simulation

by Sebastian Mróz, Piotr Szota, Tomasz Garstka, Grzegorz Stradomski, Jakub Gróbarczyk and Radosław Gryczkowski

Materials 2024, 17(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010052 - 22 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 644

Abstract

The aim of this research was to select parameters for the roll pre-leveler to provide sheet metal waviness reduction after unwinding from the coil. Straightening parameters were selected based on the results of numerical simulations with the use of an FEM-based computer program. The material used for research was a hot-rolled sheet metal of grade S235JR + AR with a thickness of 3 mm and width of 1500 mm after unwinding from the coil. A mathematical model was developed to determine straightening roll arrangements in the pre-leveler. It enabled roll arrangement selection and a straightening scheme to be elaborated. The model’s innovative feature was conducting straightening numerical simulations for the real sheet metal geometric models obtained as a result of 3D laser scanning, which increased the accuracy of the numerical calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research the Dimensional Accuracy of C45 Steel Ring Forgings Produced by Radial Rolling

by Andrzej Gontarz, Piotr Surdacki and Jacek Michalczyk

Materials 2024, 17(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010003 - 19 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 751

Abstract

The rolling process of rings is a commonly used method for producing annular forgings. There are two primary types of this process: radial-axial rolling and radial rolling. This article presents the research results regarding the latter, in which obtaining a product with the assumed dimensions constitutes a major problem. In industrial practice, the process parameters are based on the experience of technologists and/or by trial and error. This is why the authors considered it justified to undertake the research aimed at determining the influence of the main process parameters, that is, preform temperature and tool speed, on the shape and dimensions of the cross-section, which determine the internal and external diameters of the rolled ring. The research was based on numerical simulations and experimental studies. The results obtained proved that the higher the feed speed of the main roll, the greater the change in the cross-sectional height during rolling, and the smaller the cross-sectional deformation (the so-called fishtail). Nevertheless, a higher preform temperature reduces the final height of the ring and reduces cross-section deformation. On the basis of the obtained test results, guidelines for the process design were postulated, considering the influence of temperature and speed parameters on the final dimensions of the forging and the dimensions of the preform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Frictional Performance of AW-5251 Aluminium Alloy Sheets Using the Random Forest Machine Learning Algorithm and Multilayer Perceptron

by Tomasz Trzepieciński, Sherwan Mohammed Najm, Omar Maghawry Ibrahim and Marek Kowalik

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155207 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 941

Abstract

This paper is devoted to the determination of the coefficient of friction (COF) in the drawbead region in metal forming processes. As the test material, AW-5251 aluminium alloys sheets fabricated under various hardening conditions (AW-5251-O, AW-5251-H14, AW-5251-H16 and AW-5251H22) were used. The sheets were tested using a drawbead simulator with different countersample roughness and different orientations of the specimens in relation to the sheet rolling direction. A drawbead simulator was designed to model the friction conditions when the sheet metal passed through the drawbead in sheet metal forming. The experimental tests were carried out under conditions of dry friction and lubrication of the sheet metal surfaces with three lubricants: machine oil, hydraulic oil, and engine oil. Based on the results of the experimental tests, the value of the COF was determined. The Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to identify the parameters affecting the COF. The R statistical package software version 4.1.0 was used for running the RF model and neural network. The relative importance of the inputs was analysed using 12 different activation functions in ANNs and nine different loss functions in the RF. Based on the experimental tests, it was concluded that the COF for samples cut along the sheet rolling direction was greater than for samples cut in the transverse direction. However, the COF’s most relevant input was oil viscosity (0.59), followed by the average counter sample roughness Ra (0.30) and the yield stress R_p0.2 and strength coefficient K (0.05 and 0.06, respectively). The hard sigmoid activation function had the poorest R² (0.25) and nRMSE (0.30). The ideal run was found after training and testing the RF model (R² = 0.90 ± 0.028). Ra values greater than 1.1 and R_p0.2 values between 105 and 190 resulted in a decreased COF. The COF values dropped to 9–35 for viscosity and 105–190 for R_p0.2, with a gap between 110 and 130 when the oil viscosity was added. The COF was low when the oil viscosity was 9–35, and the Ra was 0.95–1.25. The interaction between K and the other inputs, which produces a relatively limited range of reduced COF values, was the least relevant. The COF was reduced by setting the R_p0.2 between 105 and 190, the Ra between 0.95 and 1.25, and the oil viscosity between 9 and 35. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 11002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Tool Geometry on the Mechanical Properties and the Microstructure of AA6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Friction Stir Spot Welding

by Amir Alkhafaji, Daniel Camas, Pablo Lopez-Crespo and Hayder Al-Asadi

Materials 2023, 16(11), 4135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16114135 - 01 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 998

Abstract

In this work, the influence of the tool geometry on friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was studied on sheets made of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Four different AISI H13 tools with simple cylindrical and conical pin profiles and 12 mm and 16 mm shoulder diameters were used to perform the FSSW joints. Sheets of 1.8 mm thickness were used during the experimental work to prepare the lap-shear specimens. The FSSW joints were performed at room temperature. For each joining condition, four specimens were carried out. Three specimens were used to find the value of the average tensile shear failure load (TSFL), while the fourth one was used to examine the micro-Vickers hardness profile and to observe the microstructure of the cross-section of the FSSW joints. The investigation concluded that higher mechanical properties corresponding to the finer microstructure were obtained by the conical pin profile and the higher shoulder diameter compared with the specimens performed using the cylindrical pin tool and lower shoulder diameter due to the higher strain hardening and the higher frictional heat generation, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 9242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Fibre-Reinforced Concrete for Predicting Optimal Mechanical Properties

by Hamad Hasan Zedan Khalel and Muhammad Khan

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103700 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

Fibre-reinforced cementitious composites are highly effective for construction due to their enhanced mechanical properties. The selection of fibre material for this reinforcement is always challenging as it is mainly dominated by the properties required at the construction site. Materials like steel and plastic fibres have been rigorously used for their good mechanical properties. Academic researchers have comprehensively discussed the impact and challenges of fibre reinforcement to obtain optimal properties of resultant concrete. However, most of this research concludes its analysis without considering the collective influence of key fibre parameters such as its shape, type, length, and percentage. There is still a need for a model that can consider these key parameters as input, provide the properties of reinforced concrete as output, and facilitate the user to analyse the optimal fibre addition per the construction requirement. Thus, the current work proposes a Khan Khalel model that can predict the desirable compressive and flexural strengths for any given values of key fibre parameters. The accuracy of the numerical model in this study, the flexural strength of SFRC, had the lowest and most significant errors, and the MSE was between 0.121% and 0.926%. Statistical tools are used to develop and validate the model with numerical results. The proposed model is easy to use but predicts compressive and flexural strengths with errors under 6% and 15%, respectively. This error primarily represents the assumption made for the input of fibre material during model development. It is based on the material’s elastic modulus and hence neglects the plastic behaviour of the fibre. A possible modification in the model for considering the plastic behaviour of the fibre will be considered as future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Surface Integrity of 316L Steel in the Context of Bioimplant Applications

by Krzysztof Szwajka, Joanna Zielińska-Szwajka and Tomasz Trzepieciński

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3460; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093460 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 922

Abstract

Bioimplants should meet important surface integrity criteria, with the main goal of the manufacturing process to improve wear and corrosion resistance properties. This requires a special approach at the cutting stage. During this research, the impact of the cutting parameters on improving the surface integrity of AISI 316L steel was evaluated. In this context of bioimplant applications, the mean roughness Sa value was obtained in the range of 0.73–4.19 μm. On the basis of the results obtained, a significant effect was observed of both the cutting speed and the feed rate on changes in the microstructure of the near-surface layer. At a cutting speed of 150 m/min, the average grain size was approximately 31 μm. By increasing the cutting speed to 200 m/min, the average grain size increased to approximately 52 μm. The basic austenitic microstructure of AISI 316L steel with typical precipitation of carbides on the grain boundaries was refined at the near-surface layer after the machining process. Changing the cutting speed determined the hardness of the treated and near-surface layers. The maximum value of hardness is reached at a depth of 20 μm and decreases with the depth of measurement. It was also noted that at a depth of up to 240 μm, the maximum hardness of 270–305 HV1 was reached, hence the height of the machining impact zone can be determined, which is approximately 240 μm for almost all machining conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Dynamic Response in Inclined Transverse Crack Inspection for 3D-Printed Polymeric Beam with Metal Stiffener

by Arturo Francese, Muhammad Khan and Feiyang He

Materials 2023, 16(8), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083095 - 14 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1246

Abstract

This paper aims to quantify the relationship between the dynamic response of 3D-printed polymeric beams with metal stiffeners and the severity of inclined transverse cracks under mechanical loading. Very few studies in the literature have focused on defects starting from bolt holes in light-weighted panels and considered the defect’s orientation in an analysis. The research outcomes can be applied to vibration-based structure health monitoring (SHM). In this study, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) beam was manufactured through material extrusion and bolted to an aluminium 2014-T615 stiffener as the specimen. It simulated a typical aircraft stiffened panel geometry. The specimen had seeded and propagated inclined transverse cracks of different depths (1/1.4 mm) and orientations (0°/30°/45°). Then, their dynamic response was investigated numerically and experimentally. The fundamental frequencies were measured with an experimental modal analysis. The numerical simulation provided the modal strain energy damage index (MSE-DI) to quantify and localise the defects. Experimental results showed that the 45° cracked specimen presented the lowest fundamental frequency with a decreased magnitude drop rate during crack propagation. However, the 0° cracked specimen generated a more significant frequency drop rate with an increased crack depth ratio. On the other hand, several peaks were presented at various locations where no defect was present in the MSE-DI plots. This suggests that the MSE-DI approach for assessing damage is unsuitable for detecting cracks beneath stiffening elements due to the restriction of the unique mode shape at the crack’s location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 22101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimizing the Main Strains and Thickness Reduction in the Single Point Incremental Forming Process of Polyamide and High-Density Polyethylene Sheets

by Nicolae Rosca, Mihaela Oleksik, Liviu Rosca, Eugen Avrigean, Tomasz Trzepieciński, Sherwan Mohammed Najm and Valentin Oleksik

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041644 - 16 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1363

Abstract

Polymeric materials are increasingly used in the automotive industry, aeronautics, medical device industry, etc. due to their advantage of providing good mechanical strength at low weight. The incremental forming process for polymeric materials is gaining increasing importance because of the advantages it offers: relatively complex parts can be produced at minimum cost without the need for complex and expensive dies. Knowing the main strains and especially the thickness reduction is particularly important as it directly contributes to the mechanical strength of the processed parts, including in operation. For the design of experiments, the Taguchi method was chosen, with an L₁₈ orthogonal array obtained by varying the material on two levels (polyamide and polyethylene) and the other three parameters on three levels: punch diameter (6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm), wall angle (50°, 55° and 60°) and step down (0.5 mm, 0.75 mm and 1 mm). The output parameters were strain in the x direction, strain in the y direction, major strain, minor strain, shear angle and thickness reduction. Two analyses were conducted: signal-to-noise ratio analysis with the smaller-is-better condition and analysis of variance. The optimum values for which the thickness was reduced were the following: wall angle of 50°, punch diameter of 10 mm and step down of 0.75 mm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Forming Technologies and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials - 2nd Volume

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (12 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI