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Functional Conjugated Polymers for Bioimaging and Biosensing

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 20447

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute for Materials Research (IMO), UHasselt (Hasselt University), Hasselt, Belgium
Interests: functional nanoparticles; (bio)chemical sensors; bioimaging; theranostics; drug delivery; nanomedicine

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Materials Research (IMO), UHasselt (Hasselt University), Hasselt, Belgium
Interests: conjugated polymers; polymer synthesis; porphyrinoids; organic electronics; bioimaging; theranostics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Conjugated polymers have emerged as a fascinating class of materials because of their attractive optical and electronic properties. Intense synthetic efforts over the years have paved the way for the development of functional conjugated polymers with tunable chemical structures, solubilities, bandgaps, and energy levels toward the desired optical, electronic as well as processing features. In parallel, remarkable advances in the understanding of structure–property relationships have led to significant progress in the employment of these materials as front-runners in several advanced technological applications. Because of the multitude of desirable features—low cost, ease of processing by printing techniques, thin film flexibility and superior optoelectronic properties—these materials have been invaluable in high-performance electronic devices ranging from organic photovoltaics (OPVs), light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), field-effect transistors (OFETs), and photodetectors (OPDs) to (biochemical) sensors and next-generation skin-inspired wearable electronic applications.

The use of conjugated polymers in biosensing applications is very promising as many preferred features of these materials for use in optoelectronic devices are also very relevant and useful in the design and development of biosensors/bioelectronic devices. Apart from their use in optoelectronic devices, these materials are highly promising for bioimaging because of their excellent optical properties and appealing biocompatibility. Fluorescent probes based on conjugated polymers have several salient features that render them ideal for bioimaging. For instance, conjugated polymers with fluorescence in the near infrared offer an interesting optical window for cellular and in vivo bioimaging with low absorption from the background and biological autofluorescence. In general, fluorescent probes in the form of self-assembled structures, nanoparticles, encapsulated moieties, etc., have gained a lot of interest and significant advances have already been made.

As the fields of both biosensing and bioimaging that employ functional conjugated polymers are rapidly advancing, it is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are welcome. The main theme can either be the application part or the conjugated polymer synthesis and characterization part, or (ideally) the manuscript can cover both aspects simultaneously.

Prof. Anitha Ethirajan
Prof. Wouter Maes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bioimaging
  • (bio)chemical sensors
  • conjugated polymer synthesis and functionalization
  • fluorescent probes
  • theranostics
  • nanoparticles/self-assembled structures
  • optical properties
  • electronic properties

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 20881 KiB  
Article
Fluorescent PCDTBT Nanoparticles with Tunable Size for Versatile Bioimaging
by Srujan Cheruku, Lien D’Olieslaeger, Nick Smisdom, Joeri Smits, Dirk Vanderzande, Wouter Maes, Marcel Ameloot and Anitha Ethirajan
Materials 2019, 12(15), 2497; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152497 - 6 Aug 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4594
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles exhibit very interesting properties for use as bio-imaging agents. In this paper, we report the synthesis of PCDTBT (poly([9-(1’-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophene-diyl)) nanoparticles of varying sizes using the mini-emulsion and emulsion/solvent evaporation approach. The effect of the size of the particles on the [...] Read more.
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles exhibit very interesting properties for use as bio-imaging agents. In this paper, we report the synthesis of PCDTBT (poly([9-(1’-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophene-diyl)) nanoparticles of varying sizes using the mini-emulsion and emulsion/solvent evaporation approach. The effect of the size of the particles on the optical properties is investigated using UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. It is shown that PCDTBT nanoparticles have a fluorescence emission maximum around 710 nm, within the biological near-infrared “optical window”. The photoluminescence quantum yield shows a characteristic trend as a function of size. The particles are not cytotoxic and are taken up successfully by human lung cancer carcinoma A549 cells. Irrespective of the size, all particles show excellent fluorescent brightness for bioimaging. The fidelity of the particles as fluorescent probes to study particle dynamics in situ is shown as a proof of concept by performing raster image correlation spectroscopy. Combined, these results show that PCDTBT is an excellent candidate to serve as a fluorescent probe for near-infrared bio-imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Conjugated Polymers for Bioimaging and Biosensing)
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3085 KiB  
Article
Construction and Characterization of a Chitosan-Immobilized-Enzyme and β-Cyclodextrin-Included-Ferrocene-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for H2O2 Detection
by Wenbo Dong, Kaiyin Wang, Yu Chen, Weiping Li, Yanchun Ye and Shaohua Jin
Materials 2017, 10(8), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10080868 - 28 Jul 2017
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6126
Abstract
An electrochemical detection biosensor was prepared with the chitosan-immobilized-enzyme (CTS-CAT) and β-cyclodextrin-included-ferrocene (β-CD-FE) complex for the determination of H2O2. Ferrocene (FE) was included in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to increase its stability. The structure of the β-CD-FE was characterized. The inclusion [...] Read more.
An electrochemical detection biosensor was prepared with the chitosan-immobilized-enzyme (CTS-CAT) and β-cyclodextrin-included-ferrocene (β-CD-FE) complex for the determination of H2O2. Ferrocene (FE) was included in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to increase its stability. The structure of the β-CD-FE was characterized. The inclusion amount, inclusion rate, and electrochemical properties of inclusion complexes were determined to optimize the reaction conditions for the inclusion. CTS-CAT was prepared by a step-by-step immobilization method, which overcame the disadvantages of the conventional preparation methods. The immobilization conditions were optimized to obtain the desired enzyme activity. CTS-CAT/β-CD-FE composite electrodes were prepared by compositing the CTS-CAT with the β-CD-FE complex on a glassy carbon electrode and used for the electrochemical detection of H2O2. It was found that the CTS-CAT could produce a strong reduction peak current in response to H2O2 and the β-CD-FE could amplify the current signal. The peak current exhibited a linear relationship with the H2O2 concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10−7–6.0 × 10−3 mol/L. Our work provided a novel method for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with a fast response, good stability, high sensitivity, and a wide linear response range based on the composite of chitosan and cyclodextrin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Conjugated Polymers for Bioimaging and Biosensing)
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Review

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17873 KiB  
Review
Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Bioimaging
by Yasmine Braeken, Srujan Cheruku, Anitha Ethirajan and Wouter Maes
Materials 2017, 10(12), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10121420 - 12 Dec 2017
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 9083
Abstract
During the last decade, conjugated polymers have emerged as an interesting class of fluorescence imaging probes since they generally show high fluorescence brightness, high photostability, fast emission rates, non-blinking behavior and low cytotoxicity. The main concern related to most conjugated polymers is their [...] Read more.
During the last decade, conjugated polymers have emerged as an interesting class of fluorescence imaging probes since they generally show high fluorescence brightness, high photostability, fast emission rates, non-blinking behavior and low cytotoxicity. The main concern related to most conjugated polymers is their lack of hydrophilicity and thereby poor bio-availability. This can, however, be overcome by the formulation of conjugated polymer nanoparticles in aqueous medium. This review provides an overview of the different techniques employed for the preparation of conjugated polymer nanoparticles, together with methods to improve their photoluminescence quantum yields. For selective targeting of specific cells, dedicated surface functionalization protocols have been developed, using different functional groups for ligand immobilization. Finally, conjugated polymer nanoparticles have recently also been employed for theranostic applications, wherein the particles are simultaneously used as fluorescent probes and carriers for anti-tumor drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Conjugated Polymers for Bioimaging and Biosensing)
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