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A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "A：Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 December 2024 | Viewed by 9425

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Dr. Muhammad Ali Butt

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Guest Editor

Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: integrated photonics; plasmonics; fiber-optic sensors; metasurfaces; wearable sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Sotirios Baskoutas

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Guest Editor

Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
Interests: semiconductor nanostructures; optical properties; energy transfer; sensors; carbon dots from biowaste
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photonics refers to the study and application of the physical science of light. Photonic devices are components for creating, manipulating, or detecting light. Examples include laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, switches, solar and photovoltaic cells, displays, and optical amplifiers. Moreover, optoelectronics is a rapidly developing technological discipline that involves the utilization of electronic devices to source, detect, and manipulate light. These devices can be a component of numerous applications, including military services, automatic access control systems, telecommunications, medical equipment, and more. Since this discipline is so wide, the spectrum of devices that come under optoelectronics is enormous, including image pick-up devices, LEDs and elements, information displays, optical storage, remote sensing systems, and optical communication systems. In this Special Issue, reviews and novel research papers on the topic are welcome, as are interdisciplinary works.

Dr. Muhammad Ali Butt
Prof. Dr. Sotirios Baskoutas
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

optical waveguide devices
photonic sensors
photodiodes
solar cells
lasers
optical switches
logic gates
light-emitting diodes
plasmonics
metamaterials
photonic crystals

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Related Special Issue

Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems in Micromachines (9 articles)

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 4237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Driving Scheme for Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays Based on the Elimination of Red Ghost Images

by Mouhua Jiang, Zichuan Yi, Jiashuai Wang, Feng Li, Boyuan Lai, Liangyu Li, Li Wang, Liming Liu, Feng Chi and Guofu Zhou

Micromachines 2024, 15(10), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15101260 - 15 Oct 2024

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Three-color electrophoretic display (EPD) is emerging as a display technology due to its extremely low energy consumption and excellent reflective properties. However, in the process of black and white color image transition, due to the different driving characteristics of red particles, the particles within the three-color EPD cannot be ideally driven to the target position, resulting in the appearance of a red ghost image. For this reason, this study utilized the COMSOL 5.6 finite element simulation method to construct a three-dimensional simulation model to explore the motion characteristics of electrophoretic particles, and then proposed a new driving scheme. The driving scheme aimed to drive red particles to the target position and eliminate the red ghost image by optimizing the pixel erasing stage and employing a high-frequency oscillating voltage. The final experimental results showed that after adopting the proposed driving scheme, the red ghost image was reduced by 8.57% and the brightness of the white color image was increased by 17.50%. This method effectively improved the display performance of three-color EPDs and contributed to the better application of three-color EPDs in the field of high-reflectivity and high-quality display. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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16 pages, 4254 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimizing Bipolar Reset Waveform to Improve Grayscale Stability in Active Matrix Electrowetting Displays

by Taiyuan Zhang, Li Wang, Linwei Liu, Wei Li, Shipeng Wu, Jianyang Guo and Guofu Zhou

Micromachines 2024, 15(10), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15101247 - 11 Oct 2024

Viewed by 548

Abstract

The electrowetting display (EWD) device is a new type of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) equipment that can achieve a paper-like display effect under the control of an electric field. In this microfluidic system, the stability of grayscale can be affected by various factors, such as the physicochemical properties of the materials, the device structure, and electric field distribution. To improve the grayscale stability of active matrix electrowetting displays (AM-EWDs), the impact of different polarities of driving voltage on oil backflow was investigated in this study. Based on the driving principles of AM-EWD, an optimized inter-frame bipolar reset driving waveform was designed to overcome oil backflow. The proposed driving waveform maintained the stability of the oil state by periodically and rapidly releasing trapped charges in the dielectric layer through a reverse driving voltage. Additionally, the effect of feed-through voltage on pixel driving voltage was eliminated by compensating for the driving voltage on a common electrode. Finally, the performance of the designed driving waveform was evaluated with a 6-inch AM-EWD driving platform. Compared to the conventional unipolar reset driving waveform, the backflow speed decreased by 2.70 a.u./s. The standard deviation of the display luminance was also reduced by 11.24 a.u. Experimental results indicated that both the oil backflow speed and the fluctuation range of luminance were effectively suppressed by the proposed driving waveform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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16 pages, 5704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Manufacture of 30-Degree Projection Lens for Augmented Reality Waveguide

by Wen-Shing Sun, Ying-Shun Hsu, Chuen-Lin Tien, Wen-Kai Lin, Yi-Lun Su, Jun-Yi Yu, Shao-Kui Zhou, Yuan-Yan Liang, Wan-Pin Tsai, Chi Sun, Tsung-Xian Lee, Wei-Chia Su, Shiuan-Huei Lin and Ching-Cherng Sun

Micromachines 2024, 15(10), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15101198 - 27 Sep 2024

Viewed by 714

Abstract

A projection lens with a 30-degree field of view is developed for use in augmented reality (AR) glasses, including a waveguide combiner designed for a 0.35-inch LCoS panel. The entrance pupil diameter of the lens is 14 mm and the lens has an effective focal length of 16.443 mm; an F-number of 1.175. This paper has four key issues: optical projection lens design, lens manufacturing and assembly tolerance analysis, projection lens resolution testing, and AR glasses system resolution testing of panel images projected by the projection lens. After lens manufacture, the lens was tested, achieving a central field image quality of 57 cycles/mm, an angular resolution of 33 pixels per degree (PPD), a 0.7 field image quality of 40.3 cycles/mm, and an angular resolution of 23 pixels per degree (PPD). Imaging performance testing based on a diffraction-type waveguide shows a resolution of 57 cycles/mm in the center area and an angular resolution of 33 PPD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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12 pages, 4854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Second-Harmonic Generation in Adapted-Width Waveguides Based on Periodically Poled Thin-Film Lithium Niobate

by Junjie He, Lian Liu, Mianjie Lin, Houhong Chen and Fei Ma

Micromachines 2024, 15(9), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091145 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 900

Abstract

Frequency conversion process based on periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate (PPTFLN) has been widely recognized as an important component for quantum information and photonic signal processing. Benefiting from the tight confinement of optical modes, the normalized conversion efficiency (NCE) of nanophotonic waveguides is improved by orders of magnitude compared to their bulk counterparts. However, the power conversion efficiency of these devices is limited by inherent nanoscale inhomogeneity of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN), leading to undesirable phase errors. In this paper, we theoretically present a novel approach to solve this problem. Based on dispersion engineering, we aim at adjusting the waveguide structure, making local waveguide width adjustment at positions of different thicknesses, thus eliminating the phase errors. The adapted waveguide width design is applied for etched and loaded waveguides based on PPTFLN, achieving the ultrahigh power conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation (SHG) up to 2.1 × 10⁴%W⁻¹ and 6936%W⁻¹, respectively, which surpasses the power conversion efficiency of other related works. Our approach just needs standard periodic poling with a single period, significantly reducing the complexity of electrode fabrication and the difficulty of poling, and allows for the placing of multiple waveguides, without individual poling designs for each waveguide. With the advantages of simplicity, high production, and meeting current micro–nano fabrication technology, our work may open a new way for achieving highly efficient second-order nonlinear optical processes based on PPTFLN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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10 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Sensitivity Curvature Fiber Sensor Based on Miniature Two-Path Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

by Yue Wu, Yu Liu, Haoran Zhuang, Juan Cao, Yongjie Yang, Xiaojun Zhu, Dan Sun, Yuechun Shi and Rumao Tao

Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15080963 - 28 Jul 2024

Viewed by 690

Abstract

This paper introduces a new high-sensitivity curvature fiber sensor based on a miniature two-path Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MTP-MZI). The sensor is fabricated by coupling and fusing the multimode fiber (MMF) with the single-mode fiber (SMF) using arc fusion technology (AFT), resulting in a centimeter-level two-path MZI structure. The sensor represents an innovative approach to MZI coupling technology, which reduces device size, simplifies manufacturing, and lowers costs. In curvature-sensing experiments, the MTP-MZI sensor achieves a maximum curvature sensitivity of −96.70 dB/m⁻¹ in the curvature range of 0.0418 m⁻¹ to 0.0888 m⁻¹, which is an extremely high sensitivity among intensity-modulated curvature sensors. Additionally, temperature-sensing measurements of the MTP-MZI sensor show a maximum temperature sensitivity of 212 pm/°C in the range of 30 °C to 70 °C, which is low temperature sensitivity and solves the cross-sensitivity problem. Thanks to the miniature two-path structure of the MTP-MZI, it provides a new perspective for developing multidimensional and multiparameter measurement methods in MZI fiber sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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14 pages, 5102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin-Assisted Synthesis of MoS₂ Nanoparticles as an Electron Transport Material in Perovskite Solar Cells

by Vajjiravel Murugesan and Balamurugan Rathinam

Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070840 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 777

Abstract

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs), such as molybdenum sulfide (MoS₂) and molybdenum selenide (MoSe₂), have been presented as effective materials for extracting the generated holes from perovskite layers. Thus, the work function of MoS₂ can be tuned in a wide range from 3.5 to 4.8 eV by adjusting the number of layers, chemical composition, elemental doping, surface functionalization, and surface states, depending on the synthetic approach. In this proposed work, we attempt to synthesize MoS₂ nanoparticles (NPs) from bulk MoS₂ using two steps: (1) initial exfoliation of bulk MoS₂ into few-layer MoS₂ by using curcumin-cholesteryl-derived organogels (BCC-ED) and curcumin solution in ethylene diamine (C-ED) under sonication; (2) ultrasonication of the subsequently obtained few-layer MoS₂ at 60–80 °C, followed by washing of the above chemicals. The initial treatment with the BCC-ED/C-ED undergoes exfoliation of bulk MoS₂ resulted in few-layer MoS₂, as evidenced by the morphological analysis using SEM. Further thinning or reduction of the size of the few-layer MoS₂ by prolonged ultrasonication at 60–80 °C, followed by repeated washing with DMF, resulted in uniform nanoparticles (MoS₂ NPs) with a size of ~10 nm, as evidenced by morphological analysis. Since BCC-ED and C-ED produced similar results, C-ED was utilized for further production of NPs over BCC-ED owing to the ease of removal of curcumin from the MoS₂ NPs. Utilization of the above synthesized MoS₂ NPs as an ETL layer in the cell structure FTO/ETL/perovskite absorber/spiro-OMeTAD/Ag enhanced the efficiency significantly. The results showed that MoS₂ NPs as an ETL exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PEC) of 11.46%, a short-circuit current density of 18.65 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage of 1.05 V, and a fill factor of 58.66%, at the relative humidity of 70 ± 10% (open-air conditions) than that of the ED-treated MoS₂ devices without curcumin. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of both curcumin and ED plays a critical role in obtaining high-quality MoS₂ NPs, beneficial for efficient charge transport, lowering the crystal defect density/trap sites and reducing the charge recombination rate, thus, significantly enhancing the efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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16 pages, 8977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extending the Depth of Focus of an Infrared Microscope Using a Binary Axicon Fabricated on Barium Fluoride

by Molong Han, Daniel Smith, Tauno Kahro, Dominyka Stonytė, Aarne Kasikov, Darius Gailevičius, Vipin Tiwari, Agnes Pristy Ignatius Xavier, Shivasubramanian Gopinath, Soon Hock Ng, Aravind Simon John Francis Rajeswary, Aile Tamm, Kaupo Kukli, Keith Bambery, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Saulius Juodkazis and Vijayakumar Anand

Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040537 - 17 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1236

Abstract

Axial resolution is one of the most important characteristics of a microscope. In all microscopes, a high axial resolution is desired in order to discriminate information efficiently along the longitudinal direction. However, when studying thick samples that do not contain laterally overlapping information, a low axial resolution is desirable, as information from multiple planes can be recorded simultaneously from a single camera shot instead of plane-by-plane mechanical refocusing. In this study, we increased the focal depth of an infrared microscope non-invasively by introducing a binary axicon fabricated on a barium fluoride substrate close to the sample. Preliminary results of imaging the thick and sparse silk fibers showed an improved focal depth with a slight decrease in lateral resolution and an increase in background noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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14 pages, 9014 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Micro-Ring Resonator-Based Tunable Vortex Beam Emitter

by Liaisan I. Bakirova, Grigory S. Voronkov, Vladimir S. Lyubopytov, Muhammad A. Butt, Svetlana N. Khonina, Ivan V. Stepanov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova and Ruslan V. Kutluyarov

Micromachines 2024, 15(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15010034 - 23 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1682

Abstract

Light beams bearing orbital angular momentum (OAM) are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as microscopy, laser material processing, and optical tweezers. Precise topological charge control is crucial for efficiently using vortex beams in different fields, such as information encoding in optical communications and sensor systems. This work presents a novel method for optimizing an emitting micro-ring resonator (MRR) for emitting vortex beams with variable orders of OAM. The MRR consists of a ring waveguide with periodic structures side-coupled to a bus waveguide. The resonator is tunable due to the phase change material Sb₂Se₃ deposited on the ring. This material can change from amorphous to crystalline while changing its refractive index. In the amorphous phase, it is 3.285 + 0i, while in the transition to the crystalline phase, it reaches 4.050 + 0i at emission wavelength 1550 nm. We used this property to control the vortex beam topological charge. In our study, we optimized the distance between the bus waveguide and the ring waveguide, the bending angle, and the width of the bus waveguide. The optimality criterion was chosen to maximize the flux density of the radiated energy emitted by the resonator. The numerical simulation results proved our method. The proposed approach can be used to optimize optical beam emitters carrying OAM for various applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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Review

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20 pages, 2240 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Optimal Electron Transfer Layers for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells—A Systematic Review

by Ramkumar Vanaraj, Vajjiravel Murugesan and Balamurugan Rathinam

Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070859 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1277

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are constructed using organic–inorganic combination resources, represent an upcoming technology that offers a competitor to silicon-based solar cells. Electron transport materials (ETMs), which are essential to PSCs, are attracting a lot of interest. In this section, we begin by discussing the development of the PSC framework, which would form the foundation for the requirements of the ETM. Because of their exceptional electronic characteristics and low manufacturing costs, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising proposal for future generations of thin-film solar energy. However, PSCs with a compact layer (CL) exhibit subpar long-term reliability and efficacy. The quality of the substrate beneath a layer of perovskite has a major impact on how quickly it grows. Therefore, there has been interest in substrate modification using electron transfer layers to create very stable and efficient PSCs. This paper examines the systemic alteration of electron transport layers (ETLs) based on electron transfer layers that are employed in PSCs. Also covered are the functions of ETLs in the creation of reliable and efficient PSCs. Achieving larger-sized particles, greater crystallization, and a more homogenous morphology within perovskite films, all of which are correlated with a more stable PSC performance, will be guided by this review when they are developed further. To increase PSCs’ sustainability and enable them to produce clean energy at levels previously unheard of, the difficulties and potential paths for future research with compact ETLs are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

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