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Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale

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A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "A：Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2020) | Viewed by 36399

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jürgen J. Brandner

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Guest Editor

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Microstructure Technology (IMT), Staff Position Microstructures and Process Sensors (MPS) & Head of Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility KNMF, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
Interests: micro scale heat and mass transfer; microfluidics; micromanufacturing; in-situ-measurement and micro sensors; miniaturized analytical systems; correlative measurement systems; nuclear magnetic resonance and imaging; metabolomics; scientific data management

Dr. Lucien Baldas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Institut Clément Ader, Université de Toulouse, 3 rue Caroline Aigle, 31400 Toulouse, France
Interests: microfluidics; gas microflows; fluidic microsystems; particle-laden microflows
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Gian Luca Morini

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Guest Editor

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Interests: microfluidics; heat transfer in micro-devices; energy efficient buildings; heat pumps
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will publish selected papers from the International Symposium on Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale ISTEGIM 2019 - A MIGRATE Event (http://www.istegim.eu/), 24-25 October 2019, Ettlingen, Germany.

MIGRATE (www.migrate2015.eu) is a H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Training Network, intended to address some of the current challenges to innovation that faces European industry with regard to heat and mass transfer in gas-based micro-scale processes. This network of 10 participants and 6 associated partners coming from all over the European Community covers different aspects of enhanced heat transfer and thermal effects in gases: from modelling of heat transfer processes and devices, development and characterization of sensors and measurement systems for heat transfer in gas flows as well as thermally driven micro gas separators, to micro-scale devices for enhanced and efficient heat recovery in environmental, transport, telecommunications and energy generation. The MIGRATE Project presents his 2-day symposium, ISTEGIM19, during which the members of the MIGRATE network will showcase the main achievements of the project. The program will include keynote lectures, invited lectures and contributed papers.
The symposium topics include, but are not limited to:

Multiphase Heat Transfer in Microstructures
Gas-liquid contacting
Modelling and simulation of flows and heat transfer in microstructures
Gas Surface Interaction
Gas Sensors and Sensor integration
Non-invasive measurement techniques
Lab-on-device systems
Microsystems for bio- and environmental applications
Thermally driven microflows
Heat recovery and energy harvesting microsystems
Flow and heat transfer through micro-nano porous media

Prof. Jürgen Brandner
Dr. Lucien Baldas
Prof. Gian Luca Morini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM’19—Thermal Effects in Gas Flow in Microscale”

by Lucien Baldas, Jürgen J. Brandner and Gian Luca Morini

Micromachines 2020, 11(9), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11090879 - 21 Sep 2020

Viewed by 1838

Abstract

n/a Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

Research

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16 pages, 2966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optofluidic Formaldehyde Sensing: Towards On-Chip Integration

by Daniel Mariuta, Arumugam Govindaraji, Stéphane Colin, Christine Barrot, Stéphane Le Calvé, Jan G. Korvink, Lucien Baldas and Jürgen J. Brandner

Micromachines 2020, 11(7), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11070673 - 10 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6216

Abstract

Formaldehyde (HCHO), a chemical compound used in the fabrication process of a broad range of household products, is present indoors as an airborne pollutant due to its high volatility caused by its low boiling point (

T = - 19

°C). Miniaturization of [...] Read more.

T = - 19

°C). Miniaturization of analytical systems towards palm-held devices has the potential to provide more efficient and more sensitive tools for real-time monitoring of this hazardous air pollutant. This work presents the initial steps and results of the prototyping process towards on-chip integration of HCHO sensing, based on the Hantzsch reaction coupled to the fluorescence optical sensing methodology. This challenge was divided into two individually addressed problems: (1) efficient airborne HCHO trapping into a microfluidic context and (2) 3,5–diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) molecular sensing in low interrogation volumes. Part (2) was addressed in this paper by proposing, fabricating, and testing a fluorescence detection system based on an ultra-low light Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. Two three-layer fluidic cell configurations (quartz–SU-8–quartz and silicon–SU-8–quartz) were tested, with both possessing a 3.5 µL interrogation volume. Finally, the CMOS-based fluorescence system proved the capability to detect an initial 10 µg/L formaldehyde concentration fully derivatized into DDL for both the quartz and silicon fluidic cells, but with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the silicon fluidic cell (

S N R_{s i l i c o n} = 6.1

) when compared to the quartz fluidic cell (

S N R_{q u a r t z} = 4.9

). The signal intensity enhancement in the silicon fluidic cell was mainly due to the silicon absorption coefficient at the excitation wavelength,

a (λ_{a b s} = 420 nm) = 5 \times 10^{4} {cm}^{- 1}

, which is approximately five times higher than the absorption coefficient at the fluorescence emission wavelength,

a (λ_{e m} = 515 nm) = 9.25 \times 10^{3} {cm}^{- 1}

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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Graphical abstract

32 pages, 10515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Velocity Measurements in Channel Gas Flows in the Slip Regime by means of Molecular Tagging Velocimetry

by Dominique Fratantonio, Marcos Rojas-Cárdenas, Christine Barrot, Lucien Baldas and Stéphane Colin

Micromachines 2020, 11(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040374 - 02 Apr 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2920

Abstract

Direct measurements of the slip velocity in rarefied gas flows produced by local thermodynamic non-equilibrium at the wall represent crucial information for the validation of existing theoretical and numerical models. In this work, molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) by direct phosphorescence is applied to argon and helium flows at low pressures in a 1-mm deep channel. MTV has provided accurate measurements of the molecular displacement of the gas at average pressures of the order of 1 kPa. To the best of our knowledge, this work reports the very first flow visualizations of a gas in a confined domain and in the slip flow regime, with Knudsen numbers up to 0.014. MTV is cross-validated with mass flowrate measurements by the constant volume technique. The two diagnostic methods are applied simultaneously, and the measurements in terms of average velocity at the test section are in good agreement. Moreover, preliminary results of the slip velocity at the wall are computed from the MTV data by means of a reconstruction method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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13 pages, 2168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Thermal Analysis and 2-D CFD Evaluation Model for An Ideal Cryogenic Regenerator

by Natheer Almtireen, Jürgen J. Brandner and Jan G. Korvink

Micromachines 2020, 11(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040361 - 30 Mar 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2928

Abstract

Regenerative cryocoolers such as Stirling, Gifford–McMahon, and pulse tube cryocoolers possess great merits such as small size, low cost, high reliability, and good cooling capacity. These merits led them to meet many IR and superconducting based application requirements. The regenerator is a vital element in these closed-cycle cryocoolers, but the overall performance depends strongly on the effectiveness of the regenerator. This paper presents a one-dimensional numerical analysis for the idealized thermal equations of the matrix and the working gas inside the regenerator. The algorithm predicts the temperature profiles for the gas during the heating and cooling periods, along with the matrix nodal temperatures. It examines the effect of the regenerator’s length and diameter, the matrix’s geometric parameters, the number of heat transfer units, and the volumetric flow rate, on the performance of an ideal regenerator. This paper proposes a 2D axisymmetric CFD model to evaluate the ideal regenerator model and to validate its findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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18 pages, 6218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Study of Microchannel Performance on Flow Maldistribution

by Jojomon Joseph, Danish Rehman, Michel Delanaye, Gian Luca Morini, Rabia Nacereddine, Jan G. Korvink and Juergen J. Brandner

Micromachines 2020, 11(3), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11030323 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3327

Abstract

Miniaturized heat exchangers are well known for their superior heat transfer capabilities in comparison to macro-scale devices. While in standard microchannel systems the improved performance is provided by miniaturized distances and very small hydraulic diameters, another approach can also be followed, namely, the generation of local turbulences. Localized turbulence enhances the heat exchanger performance in any channel or tube, but also includes an increased pressure loss. Shifting the critical Reynolds number to a lower value by introducing perturbators controls pressure losses and improves thermal efficiency to a considerable extent. The objective of this paper is to investigate in detail collector performance based on reduced-order modelling and validate the numerical model based on experimental observations of flow maldistribution and pressure losses. Two different types of perturbators, Wire-net and S-shape, were analyzed. For the former, a metallic wire mesh was inserted in the flow passages (hot and cold gas flow) to ensure stiffness and enhance microchannel efficiency. The wire-net perturbators were replaced using an S-shaped perturbator model for a comparative study in the second case mentioned above. An optimum mass flow rate could be found when the thermal efficiency reaches a maximum. Investigation of collectors with different microchannel configurations (s-shaped, wire-net and plane channels) showed that mass flow rate deviation decreases with an increase in microchannel resistance. The recirculation zones in the cylindrical collectors also changed the maldistribution pattern. From experiments, it could be observed that microchannels with S-shaped perturbators shifted the onset of turbulent transition to lower Reynolds number values. Experimental studies on pressure losses showed that the pressure losses obtained from numerical studies were in good agreement with the experiments (<4%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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11 pages, 2577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Gas–Wall and Gas–Gas Interactions on the Accommodation Coefficients for Rarefied Gases: A Molecular Dynamics Study

by Shahin Mohammad Nejad, Silvia Nedea, Arjan Frijns and David Smeulders

Micromachines 2020, 11(3), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11030319 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3345

Abstract

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted to determine energy and momentum accommodation coefficients at the interface between rarefied gas and solid walls. The MD simulation setup consists of two parallel walls, and of inert gas confined between them. Different mixing rules, as well as existing ab-initio computations combined with interatomic Lennard-Jones potentials were employed in MD simulations to investigate the corresponding effects of gas-surface interaction strength on accommodation coefficients for Argon and Helium gases on a gold surface. Comparing the obtained MD results for accommodation coefficients with empirical and numerical values in the literature revealed that the interaction potential based on ab-initio calculations is the most reliable one for computing accommodation coefficients. Finally, it is shown that gas–gas interactions in the two parallel walls approach led to an enhancement in computed accommodation coefficients compared to the molecular beam approach. The values for the two parallel walls approach are also closer to the experimental values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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14 pages, 2577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Detection of Slug Velocity in Microchannels

by Salvina Gagliano, Giovanna Stella and Maide Bucolo

Micromachines 2020, 11(3), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11030241 - 26 Feb 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

Microfluidics processes play a central role in the design of portable devices for biological and chemical samples analysis. The bottleneck in this technological evolution is the lack of low cost detection systems and control strategies easily adaptable in different operative conditions, able to guarantee the processes reproducibility and reliability, and suitable for on-chip applications. In this work, a methodology for velocity detection of two-phase flow is presented in microchannels. The approach presented is based on a low-cost optical signals monitoring setup. The slug flow generated by the interaction of two immiscible fluids {air and water} in two microchannels was investigated. To verify the reliability of the detection systems, the flow nonlinearity was enhanced by using curved geometries and microchannel diameter greater than 100

μ

m. The optical signals were analyzed by using an approach in a time domain, to extract the slug velocity, and one in the frequency domain, to compute the slug frequency. It was possible to distinguish the water and air slugs velocity and frequency. A relation between these two parameters was also numerically established. The results obtained represent an important step in the design of non-invasive, low-cost portable systems for micro-flow analysis, in order to prove that the developed methodology was implemented to realize a platform, easy to be integrated in a System-on-a-Chip, for the real-time slug flow velocity detection. The platform performances were successfully validated in different operative conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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8 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement of Heat Transfer from Anodic Oxide Film on Aluminum in High Knudsen Number Flows

by Hiroki Yamaguchi and Kenji Kito

Micromachines 2020, 11(3), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11030234 - 25 Feb 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1682

Abstract

The heat transfer in vacuum depends on the gas–surface interaction. In this study, the heat flux from anodic oxide films on aluminum with different anodizing times through a gas confined between two surfaces with different temperatures was studied. We prepared a non-treated surface, a surface with a normal anodizing time of 30 min, and a surface with 90 min, where the formed film would partially dissolve by long time exposure to the solution. The formation of the films was checked by electrical resistance. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained for the three sample surfaces. Even though it was difficult to observe the hexagonal cylindrical cell structures on anodic oxide films, the 30 min sample surface was shown to be rough, and it was relatively smooth and powdery for the 90 min sample surface. The heat fluxes from three sample surfaces were measured from the free-molecular to near free-molecular flow regimes, and analyzed to obtain the energy accommodation coefficients. The heat fluxes were well fitted by the fitting curves. The energy accommodation coefficients for both helium and argon increased by anodizing an aluminum sample surface, while they decreased with increasing the anodizing time up to 90 min indicating the dissolution of the film. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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15 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Numerical Methodology Based on CFD and Porous Medium for Thermal Performance Evaluation of Gas to Gas Micro Heat Exchanger

by Danish Rehman, Jojomon Joseph, Gian Luca Morini, Michel Delanaye and Juergen Brandner

Micromachines 2020, 11(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020218 - 20 Feb 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2736

Abstract

In micro heat exchangers, due to the presence of distributing and collecting manifolds as well as hundreds of parallel microchannels, a complete conjugate heat transfer analysis requires a large amount of computational power. Therefore in this study, a novel methodology is developed to model the microchannels as a porous medium where a compressible gas is used as a working fluid. With the help of such a reduced model, a detailed flow analysis through individual microchannels can be avoided by studying the device as a whole at a considerably less computational cost. A micro heat exchanger with 133 parallel microchannels (average hydraulic diameter of

200 μ

m) in both cocurrent and counterflow configurations is investigated in the current study. Hot and cold streams are separated by a stainless-steel partition foil having a thickness of

100 μ

m. Microchannels have a rectangular cross section of

200 μ

\times 200 μ

m with a wall thickness of

100 μ

m in between. As a first step, a numerical study for conjugate heat transfer analysis of microchannels only, without distributing and collecting manifolds is performed. Mass flow inside hot and cold fluid domains is increased such that inlet Reynolds number for both domains remains within the laminar regime. Inertial and viscous coefficients extracted from this study are then utilized to model pressure and temperature trends within the porous medium model. To cater for the density dependence of inertial and viscous coefficients due to the compressible nature of gas flow in microchannels, a modified formulation of Darcy–Forschheimer law is adopted. A complete model of a double layer micro heat exchanger with collecting and distributing manifolds where microchannels are modeled as the porous medium is finally developed and used to estimate the overall heat exchanger effectiveness of the investigated micro heat exchanger. A comparison of computational results using proposed hybrid methodology with previously published experimental results of the same micro heat exchanger showed that adopted methodology can predict the heat exchanger effectiveness within the experimental uncertainty for both cocurrent and counterflow configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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10 pages, 2727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Substrate Conductivity on the Transient Thermal Transport of Hygroscopic Droplets during Vapor Absorption

by Zhenying Wang, Daniel Orejon, Khellil Sefiane and Yasuyuki Takata

Micromachines 2020, 11(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020193 - 13 Feb 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

In all kinds of liquid desiccant dehumidification systems, the temperature increase of the desiccant solution due to the effect of absorptive heating is one of the main reasons of performance deterioration. In this study, we look into the thermal effects during vapor absorption into single hygroscopic liquid desiccant droplets. Specifically, the effect of substrate conductivity on the transient heat and mass transfer process is analyzed in detail. The relative strength of the thermal effect and the solutal effect on the rate of vapor absorption is investigated and compared to the thermal effect by evaporative cooling taking place in pure water droplets. In the case of liquid desiccants, results indicate that the high thermal conductivity of copper substrates ensures more efficient heat removal, and the temperature at the droplet surface decreases more rapidly than that on Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates. As a result, the initial rate of vapor absorption on copper substrates slightly outweighs that on PTFE substrates. Further analysis by decomposing the vapor pressure difference indicates that the variation of vapor pressure caused by the temperature change during vapor absorption is much weaker than that induced by the concentration change. The conclusions demonstrate that a simplified isothermal model can be applied to capture the main mechanisms during vapor absorption into hygroscopic droplets even though it is evidenced to be unreliable for droplet evaporation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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9 pages, 3002 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Femtosecond Laser-Micromachining of Glass Micro-Chip for High Order Harmonic Generation in Gases

by Anna G. Ciriolo, Rebeca Martínez Vázquez, Alice Roversi, Aldo Frezzotti, Caterina Vozzi, Roberto Osellame and Salvatore Stagira

Micromachines 2020, 11(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020165 - 04 Feb 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3072

Abstract

We report on the application of femtosecond laser micromachining to the fabrication of complex glass microdevices, for high-order harmonic generation in gas. The three-dimensional capabilities and extreme flexibility of femtosecond laser micromachining allow us to achieve accurate control of gas density inside the micrometer interaction channel. This device gives a considerable increase in harmonics’ generation efficiency if compared with traditional harmonic generation in gas jets. We propose different chip geometries that allow the control of the gas density and driving field intensity inside the interaction channel to achieve quasi phase-matching conditions in the harmonic generation process. We believe that these glass micro-devices will pave the way to future downscaling of high-order harmonic generation beamlines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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Review

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16 pages, 4550 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Molecule Sensitive Optical Imaging and Monitoring Techniques—A Review of Applications in Micro-Process Engineering

by Marcel Nachtmann, Julian Deuerling and Matthias Rädle

Micromachines 2020, 11(4), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040353 - 28 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2864

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of how molecule-sensitive, spatially-resolved technologies can be applied for monitoring and measuring in microchannels. The principles of elastic light scattering, fluorescence, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and Raman imaging, as well as combination techniques, are briefly presented, and their advantages and disadvantages are explained. With optical methods, images can be acquired both scanning and simultaneously as a complete image. Scanning technologies require more acquisition time, and fast moving processes are not easily observable. On the other hand, molecular selectivity is very high, especially in Raman and mid-infrared (MIR) scanning. For near-infrared (NIR) images, the entire measuring range can be simultaneously recorded with indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) cameras. However, in this wavelength range, water is the dominant molecule, so it is sometimes necessary to use complex learning algorithms that increase the preparation effort before the actual measurement. These technologies excite molecular vibrations in a variety of ways, making these methods suitable for specific products. Besides measurements of the fluid composition, technologies for particle detection are of additional importance. With scattered light techniques and evaluation according to the Mie theory, particles in the range of 0.2–1 µm can be detected, and fast growth processes can be observed. Local multispectral measurements can also be carried out with fiber optic-coupled systems through small probe heads of approximately 1 mm diameter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ISTEGIM'19 – Thermal Effects in Gas flow in Microscale)

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