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Micromachines
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Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer for Biomedical Applications
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Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "B：Biology and Biomedicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 12025

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Qifa Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
Interests: MEMS; biomedical imaging; photoacoustic imaging; ultrasound; elastography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Chih-Chung Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
Interests: high frequency ultrasound duplex image; doppler flowmeter design; ultrasonic tissue characterization; biomedical electronics; hemodynamic research; biomedical electronic equipment design; acoustic radiation force imaging; blood rheology; high frequency ultrasonic transducer

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ultrasound has been widely used and has demonstrated great potential in medicine and biology, for example, ultrasonic medical therapeutic technologies (drug and gene delivery, brain stimulation, retinal stimulation, etc.), biomedical imaging, and a variety of clinical diagnostic tools, thanks to its safety and non-invasive nature. Although many efforts and achievements have been made in the biomedical application of ultrasound, there are still challenges in this area, such as the analysis and novel design, fabrication, integration, and mechanisms of ultrasound transducers, as well as the mechanisms of ultrasound therapy and biomedical imaging, etc. This Special Issue aims to collate and showcase research papers, short commutations, perspectives, and insightful review articles from esteemed colleagues that demonstrate original works on the topic of ultrasound for biomedical applications, including but not limited to:

  1. Development of ultrasound transducers: design methodologies, device models, simulation methods, materials, fabrication processes, and calibrations.
  2. Exploration of the mechanisms and novel applications of ultrasound in medicine, biology, and the clinic.
  3. Special design of ultrasound transducers for biomedical applications, including Doppler imaging, elastography, and function imaging.

The objective of this Special Issue is to provide researchers in the community with insightful information regarding the technological advancements in the field.

Prof. Dr. Qifa Zhou
Prof. Dr. Chih-Chung Huang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ultrasound transducers for medical therapeutic technologies
  • ultrasound transducers for biomedical imaging
  • ultrasound transducers for clinical diagnosis
  • development of ultrasound transducer technology

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 5034 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Measurement of an Ultrasound Power Delivery System for Charging Implantable Devices Using an AlN-Based pMUT as Receiver
by Antonino Proto, Libor Rufer, Skandar Basrour and Marek Penhaker
Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122127 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2730
Abstract
Ultrasound power delivery can be considered a convenient technique for charging implantable medical devices. In this work, an intra-body system has been modeled to characterize the phenomenon of ultrasound power transmission. The proposed system comprises a Langevin transducer as transmitter and an AlN-based [...] Read more.
Ultrasound power delivery can be considered a convenient technique for charging implantable medical devices. In this work, an intra-body system has been modeled to characterize the phenomenon of ultrasound power transmission. The proposed system comprises a Langevin transducer as transmitter and an AlN-based square piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducer as receiver. The medium layers, in which elastic waves propagate, were made by polydimethylsiloxane to mimic human tissue and stainless steel to replace the case of the implantable device. To characterize the behavior of the transducers, measurements of impedance and phase, velocity and displacement, and acoustic pressure field were carried out in the experimental activity. Then, voltage and power output were measured to analyze the performance of the ultrasound power delivery system. For a root mean square voltage input of approximately 35 V, the power density resulted in 21.6 µW cm−2. Such a result corresponds to the data obtained with simulation through a one-dimensional lumped parameter transmission line model. The methodology proposed to develop the ultrasound power delivery (UPD) system, as well as the use of non-toxic materials for the fabrication of the intra-body elements, are a valid design approach to raise awareness of using wireless power transfer techniques for charging implantable devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer for Biomedical Applications)
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13 pages, 4811 KiB  
Article
Design and Simulation of a Ring Transducer Array for Ultrasound Retinal Stimulation
by Chenlin Xu, Gengxi Lu, Haochen Kang, Mark S. Humayun and Qifa Zhou
Micromachines 2022, 13(9), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13091536 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1969
Abstract
Argus II retinal prosthesis is the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical device intended to restore sight to a patient’s blind secondary to retinal degeneration (i.e., retinitis pigmentosa). However, Argus II and most reported retinal prostheses require invasive surgery to implant [...] Read more.
Argus II retinal prosthesis is the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical device intended to restore sight to a patient’s blind secondary to retinal degeneration (i.e., retinitis pigmentosa). However, Argus II and most reported retinal prostheses require invasive surgery to implant electrodes in the eye. Recent studies have shown that focused ultrasound can be developed into a non-invasive retinal prosthesis technology. Ultrasound energy focused on retinal neurons can trigger the activities of retinal neurons with high spatial-temporal resolution. This paper introduces a novel design and simulation of a ring array transducer that could be used as non-invasive ultrasonic retinal stimulation. The array transducer is designed in the shape of a racing ring with a hemisphere surface that mimics a contact lens to acoustically couple with the eye via the tear film and directs the ultrasound to avoid the high acoustic absorption from the crystalline lens. We will describe the design methods and simulation of the two-dimensional pattern stimulation. Finally, compared with other existing retinal prostheses, we show that the ultrasound ring array is practical and safe and could be potentially used as a non-invasive retinal prosthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer for Biomedical Applications)
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12 pages, 3968 KiB  
Article
Dual-Wavelength Photoacoustic Computed Tomography with Piezoelectric Ring-Array Transducer for Imaging of Indocyanine Green Liposomes Aggregation in Tumors
by Xin Sun, Han Shan, Qibo Lin, Ziyan Chen, Dongxu Liu, Zhankai Liu, Kuan Peng and Zeyu Chen
Micromachines 2022, 13(6), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13060946 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1803
Abstract
Recently, indocyanine green (ICG), as an FDA-approved dye, has been widely used for phototherapy. It is essential to obtain information on the migration and aggregation of ICG in deep tissues. However, existing fluorescence imaging platforms are not able to obtain the structural information [...] Read more.
Recently, indocyanine green (ICG), as an FDA-approved dye, has been widely used for phototherapy. It is essential to obtain information on the migration and aggregation of ICG in deep tissues. However, existing fluorescence imaging platforms are not able to obtain the structural information of the tissues. Here, we prepared ICG liposomes (ICG-Lips) and built a dual-wavelength photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) system with piezoelectric ring-array transducer to image the aggregation of ICG-Lips in tumors to guide phototherapy. Visible 780 nm light excited the photoacoustic (PA) effects of the ICG-Lips and near-infrared 1064 nm light provided the imaging of the surrounding tissues. The aggregation of ICG-Lips within the tumor and the surrounding tissues was visualized by PACT in real time. This work indicates that PACT with piezoelectric ring-array transducer has great potential in the real-time monitoring of in vivo drug distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer for Biomedical Applications)
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10 pages, 3311 KiB  
Article
Laser Scanning Guided Localization Imaging with a Laser-Machined Two-Dimensional Flexible Ultrasonic Array
by Jianzhong Chen, Wei Liu, Dianbao Gu and Dawei Wu
Micromachines 2022, 13(5), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13050754 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1829
Abstract
Advances in flexible integrated circuit technology and piezoelectric materials allow high-quality stretchable piezoelectric transducers to be built in a form that is easy to integrate with the body’s soft, curved, and time-dynamic surfaces. The resulting capabilities create new opportunities for studying disease states, [...] Read more.
Advances in flexible integrated circuit technology and piezoelectric materials allow high-quality stretchable piezoelectric transducers to be built in a form that is easy to integrate with the body’s soft, curved, and time-dynamic surfaces. The resulting capabilities create new opportunities for studying disease states, monitoring health/wellness, building human–machine interfaces, and performing other operations. However, more widespread application scenarios are placing new demands on the high flexibility and small size of the array. This paper provides a 8 × 8 two-dimensional flexible ultrasonic array (2D-FUA) based on laser micromachining; a novel single-layer “island bridge” structure was used to design flexible array and piezoelectric array elements to improve the imaging capability on complex surfaces. The mechanical and acoustoelectric properties of the array are characterized, and a novel laser scanning and positioning method is introduced to solve the problem of array element displacement after deformation of the 2D-FUA. Finally, a multi-modal localization imaging experiment was carried out on the multi-target steel pin on the plane and curved surface based on the Verasonics system. The results show that the laser scanning method has the ability to assist the rapid imaging of flexible arrays on surfaces with complex shapes, and that 2D-FUA has wide application potential in medical-assisted localization imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer for Biomedical Applications)
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Review

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20 pages, 5079 KiB  
Review
Power Amplifier Design for Ultrasound Applications
by Hojong Choi
Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071342 - 30 Jun 2023
Viewed by 2718
Abstract
A design analysis of the power amplifiers developed for ultrasound applications was conducted because ultrasound applications require different types of power amplifiers, which are one of the most critical electronic components in ultrasound systems. To generate acoustic signals using transducers, which are among [...] Read more.
A design analysis of the power amplifiers developed for ultrasound applications was conducted because ultrasound applications require different types of power amplifiers, which are one of the most critical electronic components in ultrasound systems. To generate acoustic signals using transducers, which are among the most important mechanical devices in ultrasound systems, an appropriate output voltage, current, or power signal must be produced by a power amplifier. Therefore, an appropriate design analysis of the power amplifier must be conducted to obtain the optimal performance from a transducer. In addition, because of new ultrasound research trends, such as ultrasound systems with other imaging modalities and wireless ultrasound systems, the selection of an appropriate power amplifier could improve the performance of an ultrasound system with other imaging and therapy modalities. This paper describes the design parameters of a power amplifier, including the gain, bandwidth, harmonic distortion, and efficiency. Each power amplifier has specific applications and limitations. Therefore, this review will assist design engineers and ultrasound researchers who need to develop or use power amplifiers in ultrasound applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer for Biomedical Applications)
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