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Nutrition and Diet for Metabolic Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 46203

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Dr. Audrey Tierney

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Guest Editor

School of Allied Health, Health Implementation Science and Technology Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Interests: Diet Quality; Metabolic Health; Non-Communicable Diseases; Inflammation; Mediterranean Diet; Clinical Nutrition; Knowledge Translation; Implementation Science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Global rates of overweight and obesity continue to rise leading to a concurrent increase in metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and some cancers.

The common feature or underlying pathogenesis of these metabolic disorders is characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation driven primarily from an obese phenotype. Obesity-induced inflammation impacts many metabolic systems and involves many organs including the pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, brain and adipose tissue.

Nutrients and dietary patterns have been shown to influence inflammatory processes and responses. The Mediterranean diet is the most widely researched and evidence based diet, and has been widely cited for its anti-inflammatory properties in the primary and secondary prevention of many metabolic diseases with inflammatory origins. Other dietary patterns also emerge as conferring benefit such as the DASH, Nordic and Vegetarian diets.

Lifestyle factors also play a paramount role with physical activity, smoking and alcohol behaviours mental health and wellbeing, social connectivity influencing disease origin and progression.

This special issue focuses on the culmination of recent evidence on established and emerging dietary patterns and lifestyle behaviours for the prevention and integrated management of inflammatory derived metabolic diseases.

Works addressing dietary patterns and lifestyle behaviors that focus on reducing the impact of inflammation and improving metabolic health in inflammatory derived conditions are welcomed.

Dr. Audrey Tierney
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

metabolic disorders
obesity induced inflammation
Nutrition and Dietary patterns
Mediterranean Diet

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthy Lifestyle Intervention and Weight Loss Improve Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Children with Obesity

by Giulia Genoni, Veronica Menegon, Alice Monzani, Francesca Archero, Francesco Tagliaferri, Valentina Mancioppi, Caterina Peri, Simonetta Bellone and Flavia Prodam

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041301 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3106

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-month healthy lifestyle intervention based on diet plus physical activity on cardiovascular structure and function in children and adolescents with obesity; Methods: In this longitudinal study we assessed changes in anthropometric, biochemical and cardiovascular variables in 55 subjects with obesity (6–16 years) before and after a 12-month behavioral program based on Mediterranean diet plus exercise regimen. Subjects were divided in two groups based on negative change in BMI z-score ≥10% from baseline: weight losers (WL) and non-weight losers (NWL); Results: After 12 months, WL showed a significant improvement of metabolic parameters. Treatment was effective in increasing the mitral peak early diastolic velocity E and the E/A ratio. In subjects with a reduction of the number of NCEP-ATPIII metabolic syndrome criteria, lifestyle intervention reduced left ventricular area and volume. Intervention reduced carotid intima-media thickness in subjects showing a decrease of the systemic blood pressure; Conclusions: In children with obesity, cardiovascular impairment could be partially reversed by a healthy lifestyle intervention. To adopt prompt behavioral programs in childhood obesity is crucial both for prevention and treatment of precocious complications and could have an exponential impact on long-term morbidity and mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Diet for Metabolic Health)

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Review

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22 pages, 897 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Interventions with or without Omega-3 Supplementation for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review

by Tala Raad, Anne Griffin, Elena S. George, Louise Larkin, Alexander Fraser, Norelee Kennedy and Audrey C. Tierney

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3506; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103506 - 4 Oct 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7357

Abstract

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by symptoms of inflammation and pain in the joints. RA is estimated to have a worldwide prevalence of 0.5–1%, with a predominance in females. Diet may play an important role in the symptoms of RA; however, little is known about the effects of various diets. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the effect of dietary interventions, with or without omega-3 supplementation for the management of RA. The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for clinical trials investigating dietary interventions, with or without omega-3 supplementation to retrieve papers from inception to April 2021. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of dietary interventions in adults with RA were eligible for inclusion. Twenty studies with a total of 1063 participants were included. The most frequently reported outcomes were pain, duration of morning stiffness, joint tenderness, grip strength and inflammatory markers. Dietary interventions with an anti-inflammatory basis may be an effective way for adults with RA seeking complementary treatments, potentially leading to improvements in certain parameters. However, there is a need for longer duration studies that are well-designed and sufficiently powered to investigate the influence of diet on RA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Diet for Metabolic Health)

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24 pages, 7381 KiB

Open AccessReview

Standardised Outcome Reporting for the Nutrition Management of Complex Chronic Disease: A Rapid Review

by Savita A Sandhu, Chloe A Angel, Katrina L Campbell, Ingrid J Hickman and Helen L MacLaughlin

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3388; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103388 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

Individuals with coexisting chronic diseases or with complex chronic disease are among the most challenging and costly patients to treat, placing a growing demand on healthcare systems. Recommending effective treatments, including nutrition interventions, relies on standardised outcome reporting from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to enable data synthesis. This rapid review sought to determine how the scope and consistency of the outcomes reported by RCTs investigating nutrition interventions for the management of complex chronic disease compared to what is recommended by the core outcome sets (COS) for individual disease states. Peer-reviewed RCTs published between January 2010 and July 2020 were systematically sourced from PubMed, CINAHL and Embase, and COS were sourced from the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurements (ICHOM) and the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database. A total of 45 RCTs (43 studies) and 7 COS were identified. Outcomes were extracted from both the RCTs and COS and were organised using COMET Taxonomy Core Areas. A total of 66 outcomes and 439 outcome measures were reported by the RCTs. The RCTs demonstrated extensive outcome heterogeneity, with only five outcomes (5/66, 8%) being reported with relative consistency (cited by ≥50% of publications). Furthermore, the scope of the outcomes reported by studies was limited, with a notable paucity of patient-reported outcomes. Poor agreement (25%) was observed between the outcomes reported in the RCTs and those recommended by the COS. This review urges greater uptake of the existing COS and the development of a COS for complex chronic disease to be considered so that evidence can be better synthesised regarding effective nutrition interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Diet for Metabolic Health)

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22 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Fibre Modulates the Gut Microbiota

by Peter Cronin, Susan A. Joyce, Paul W. O’Toole and Eibhlís M. O’Connor

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051655 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 229 | Viewed by 24861

Abstract

Dietary fibre has long been established as a nutritionally important, health-promoting food ingredient. Modern dietary practices have seen a significant reduction in fibre consumption compared with ancestral habits. This is related to the emergence of low-fibre “Western diets” associated with industrialised nations, and is linked to an increased prevalence of gut diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The characteristic metabolic parameters of these individuals include insulin resistance, high fasting and postprandial glucose, as well as high plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Gut microbial signatures are also altered significantly in these cohorts, suggesting a causative link between diet, microbes and disease. Dietary fibre consumption has been hypothesised to reverse these changes through microbial fermentation and the subsequent production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which improves glucose and lipid parameters in individuals who harbour diseases associated with dysfunctional metabolism. This review article examines how different types of dietary fibre can differentially alter glucose and lipid metabolism through changes in gut microbiota composition and function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Diet for Metabolic Health)

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14 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Selenium Regulates microRNAs in Metabolic Disease: Recent Progress

by Xin Huang, Yu-Lan Dong, Tong Li, Wei Xiong, Xu Zhang, Peng-Jie Wang and Jia-Qiang Huang

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051527 - 1 May 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3602

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for the maintenance of a healthy physiological state. However, due to environmental and dietary factors and the narrow safety range of Se, diseases caused by Se deficiency or excess have gained considerable traction in recent years. In particular, links have been identified between low Se status, cognitive decline, immune disorders, and increased mortality, whereas excess Se increases metabolic risk. Considerable evidence has suggested microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate interactions between the environment (including the diet) and genes, and play important roles in several diseases, including cancer. MiRNAs target messenger RNAs to induce changes in proteins including selenoprotein expression, ultimately generating disease. While a plethora of data exists on the epigenetic regulation of other dietary factors, nutrient Se epigenetics and especially miRNA regulated mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, this review mainly focuses on Se metabolism, pathogenic mechanisms, and miRNAs as key regulatory factors in Se-related diseases. Finally, we attempt to clarify the regulatory mechanisms underpinning Se, miRNAs, selenoproteins, and Se-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Diet for Metabolic Health)

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21 pages, 13301 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Different Intensity of Dietary Counselling on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

by Jasmine Hui Min Low, Darel Wee Kiat Toh, Magdeline Tao Tao Ng, Johnson Fam, Ee Heok Kua and Jung Eun Kim

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092936 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3141

Abstract

Dietary counselling has been identified as one of the nutritional strategies to alleviate cardiometabolic health conditions. Its effectiveness however may vary due to factors such as intensity level and provider while this has not been comprehensively studied. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of dietary counselling on the cardiometabolic health in middle-aged and older adults and the sub-group analyses with dietary counselling intensity and the provider were also assessed. Four databases including PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Cochrane Library and EMBASE were systematically searched. Data from 22 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were compiled and those from 9 RCTs were utilised for meta-analysis. Dietary counselling lowered total cholesterol (TC) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) but had no impact on triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Sub-group analysis revealed significant lowering effect of high intensity dietary counselling for TG (weighted mean difference (WMD): −0.24 mmol/L, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): −0.40 to −0.09), TC (WMD: −0.31 mmol/L, 95% CIs: −0.49 to −0.13), LDL (WMD: −0.39 mmol/L, 95% CIs: −0.61 to −0.16) and FBS (WMD: −0.69 mmol/L, 95% CIs: −0.99 to −0.40) while medium or low intensity dietary counselling did not show favouring effects. Counselling provider showed differential responses on cardiometabolic health between dietitian and all other groups. The findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that dietary counselling is a beneficial dietary strategy to improve cardiometabolic health in middle-aged and older adults with the emphasis on the counselling intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Diet for Metabolic Health)

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