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Nutrients
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Effects of Early Nutrition on Premature Infants
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Effects of Early Nutrition on Premature Infants

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 June 2024 | Viewed by 4688

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Renato S. Procianoy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Interests: newborn; nutrition; perinatal asphyxia; inflammatory reaction in the newborn; growth and development of very low birth weight newborns and retinopathy of the prematurity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues，

You are invited to submit articles to this Special Issue, “Effects of Early Nutrition on Premature Infants”. It has long been known that malnutrition, whether intrauterine or extrauterine, causes changes in brain development, leading to delays in the development of children and adolescents. We also know that growth and development are linked. Intrauterine and extrauterine malnutrition is becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in low- and middle-income countries, due to socioeconomic problems such as absent or inadequate prenatal care, lack of adequate vaccination, low caloric and/or protein intake, and prematurity. Intrauterine malnutrition is also prevalent in developed countries, mainly due to problems occurring during pregnancy, such as assisted fertilization, multiple pregnancies, and pre-eclampsia. Low intake of essential nutrients for good intra- and extrauterine brain development also occurs in rich and affected by all those situations.

Therefore, malnutrition is a global public health problem highlighting a growing gap between poor and rich countries in somatic growth and neurodevelopment. Thus, we must delve deeper into this topic by studying its consequences and prevention through looking closely at the effects of nutrition in this population.

Prof. Dr. Renato S. Procianoy
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nutrition
  • child development
  • malnutrition
  • intrauterine growth
  • extrauterine growth
  • cerebral development
  • pregnancy nutrients

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 2232 KiB  
Article
Proactive Use of a Human Milk Fat Modular in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Standardized Feeding Protocol
by Amanda Salley and Martin L. Lee
Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081206 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 946
Abstract
An exclusive human milk diet (EHMD) and standardized feeding protocols are two critical methods for safely feeding very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Our institution initiated a standardized feeding protocol for all VLBW infants in 2018. In this protocol, a human milk fat [...] Read more.
An exclusive human milk diet (EHMD) and standardized feeding protocols are two critical methods for safely feeding very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Our institution initiated a standardized feeding protocol for all VLBW infants in 2018. In this protocol, a human milk fat modular was used only reactively when an infant had poor weight gain, fluid restriction, or hypoglycemia. As part of our NICU quality improvement program, internal utilization review data revealed a potential opportunity to improve growth and reduce costs. While maintaining the EHMD, a simple feeding guideline process change could provide cost savings without sacrificing caloric density or growth. We examined this process change in pre-post cohorts of VLBW infants. Methods: Our revised feeding protocol, established in October 2021, called for a human milk fat modular (Prolact CR) to be added to all infant feeding when parenteral nutrition (PN) and lipids were discontinued. The human milk fat modular concentration is 4 mL per 100 mL feed, providing approximately an additional 2 kcal/oz. We tracked data to compare (1) the use of the human milk fat modular, (2) the use of the human milk +8 fortifier, (3) overall growth before and after feeding protocol changes, and (4) cost differences between protocols. Results: Thirty-six VLBW infants were followed prospectively upon the introduction of the revised feeding protocol. In the revised era, the need for human milk +8 fortifier decreased from 43% to 14%. The decrease in the cost of a more costly fortifier provided a cost savings of USD 2967.78 on average per infant. Overall growth improved from birth to discharge, with severe malnutrition declining from 3.3% to 2.7% and moderate malnutrition declining from 37% to 8%. Conclusions: With the proactive use of a human milk fat modular in a standardized feeding protocol, our VLBW infants showed improved growth, lower malnutrition rates, and decreased use of higher caloric fortifiers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Early Nutrition on Premature Infants)
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10 pages, 557 KiB  
Article
Bioelectrical Impedance in Premature Newborns and Its Relationship with Diet Therapy in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
by Catiuscie Cabreira da Silva Tortorella, Bárbara Mendes Paz Chao, Estela Iraci Rabito, Mônica Nunes Lima and Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Sarquis
Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050601 - 22 Feb 2024
Viewed by 715
Abstract
(1) Background: To estimate resistance, reactance, and phase angle values among moderate preterm infants and their variation according to neonatal and maternal characteristics and nutritional intake. (2) Methods: This was a cohort that evaluated 43 moderate preterm infants using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The [...] Read more.
(1) Background: To estimate resistance, reactance, and phase angle values among moderate preterm infants and their variation according to neonatal and maternal characteristics and nutritional intake. (2) Methods: This was a cohort that evaluated 43 moderate preterm infants using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The study variables included resistance, reactance, and phase angle measurements, in addition to classification of nutritional intake. (3) Results: Mean resistance was 602.0 ± 118.2 Ω, reactance was 57.2 Ω (IQR = 42.6–65.2), and phase angle was 522° (IQR = 4.1–6.6). Lower resistance values were found in the presence of risky pregnancy (532.2 ± 111.9 Ω vs. 650.9 ± 97.9 Ω, p < 0.001) and lower reactance values, in the presence of harmful maternal lifestyle habits at both the first (p = 0.01) and second assessments (p = 0.01). Eight preterm infants were considered to have insufficient nutritional intake (23.5%); 17, sufficient (50.0%) and 9, partially sufficient (26.5%). There was less reactance among preterm infants with insufficient nutritional intake (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements were within the range of values reported in other studies. There was an association between full diet and adequate nutritional intake with higher resistance values, while a lower reactance value was associated with the presence of risky pregnancy and harmful maternal lifestyle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Early Nutrition on Premature Infants)
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14 pages, 3011 KiB  
Article
Biochemical Profiling of Urine Metabolome in Premature Infants Based on LC−MS Considering Maternal Influence
by Jeong-Hun Mok, Junhwan Song, Won-Ho Hahn, Seonghyeon Cho, Jong-Moon Park, Jiwon Koh, Ho Kim and Nam Mi Kang
Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030411 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 922
Abstract
In this study, Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics profiling was conducted to elucidate the urinary profiles of premature infants during early and late postnatal stages. As a result, we discovered significant excretion of maternal drugs in early−stage infants and identified crucial metabolites like [...] Read more.
In this study, Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics profiling was conducted to elucidate the urinary profiles of premature infants during early and late postnatal stages. As a result, we discovered significant excretion of maternal drugs in early−stage infants and identified crucial metabolites like hormones and amino acids. These findings shed light on the maternal impact on neonatal metabolism and underscore the beneficial effects of breastfeeding on the metabolism of essential amino acids in infants. This research not only enhances our understanding of maternal–infant nutritional interactions and their long−term implications for preterm infants but also offers critical insights into the biochemical characteristics and physiological mechanisms of preterm infants, laying a groundwork for future clinical studies focused on neonatal development and health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Early Nutrition on Premature Infants)
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Review

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11 pages, 283 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Early Nutrition on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants
by Rita C. Silveira, Andrea L. Corso and Renato S. Procianoy
Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214644 - 1 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
Premature infants, given their limited reserves, heightened energy requirements, and susceptibility to nutritional deficits, require specialized care. Aim: To examine the complex interplay between nutrition and neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring the critical need for tailored nutritional approaches to support optimal brain growth [...] Read more.
Premature infants, given their limited reserves, heightened energy requirements, and susceptibility to nutritional deficits, require specialized care. Aim: To examine the complex interplay between nutrition and neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring the critical need for tailored nutritional approaches to support optimal brain growth and function. Data sources: PubMed and MeSH and keywords: preterm, early nutrition, macronutrients, micronutrients, human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, probiotics AND neurodevelopment or neurodevelopment outcomes. Recent articles were selected according to the authors’ judgment of their relevance. Specific nutrients, including macro (amino acids, glucose, and lipids) and micronutrients, play an important role in promoting neurodevelopment. Early and aggressive nutrition has shown promise, as has recognizing glucose as the primary energy source for the developing brain. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as DHA, contribute to brain maturation, while the benefits of human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, and probiotics on neurodevelopment via the gut-brain axis are explored. This intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system highlights human milk oligosaccharides’ role in early brain maturation. Conclusions: Individualized nutritional approaches and comprehensive nutrient strategies are paramount to enhancing neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring human milk’s potential as the gold standard of nutrition for preterm infants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Early Nutrition on Premature Infants)
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