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Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutritional Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 80248

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Prof. Dr. Dimitrios P. Bogdanos

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Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
Interests: autoimmunity; autoimmune diseases; diet; immunosupression; immunoregulation; microbiome; nutrition; rheumatic diseases
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Dr. Abdulla Watad

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Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, University of Tel Aviv, Israel
Interests: autoimmunity; autoimmune diseases; impact of diet and fasting on the immune system and autoimmune diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

The role of diet and nutrients in shaping the immune system has started to emerge. Experimental data from animal studies have shown that dietary habits and constituents can significantly alter immunological functions affecting both humoral (antibody) and cellular immune responses. The interaction of the innate and adaptive immune systems with other systems can be influenced by alterations in diet, dietary restrictions, or excesses consumption of certain dietary constituents.
Data from experimental studies on animal models of inflammatory diseases have defined the influences of specific nutrients in the homeostasis of the immune system in health and disease states, for example, in autoimmune and cancerous diseases and during aging. Auto-antigen-specific and tumor-antigen-related immune responses can be affected by the restriction of protein, calories, or protein and calories. Dietary supplements appear to be instrumental in shaping the immune system, with several playing pivotal roles in promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine production. In particular, the immunoregulatory role of the Mediterranean and Ramazan diets is a research focus.
The current Special Issue of Nutrients will provide a collection of studies related to the topic “Assessing the role of diet and nutrients in immunity, autoimmunity and cancer”. Authors are invited to submit relevent research articles and reviews for inclusion.

Dr. Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
Dr. Abdulla Watad
Guest Editors

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Keywords

diet
nutrient
dietary supplement
immune system
autoimmunity
inflammation

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and State of Nutrition of Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

by Justyna Kikut, Anna Jasińska, Jakub Pobłocki, Jacek Brodowski and Szczuko Małgorzata

Nutrients 2020, 12(7), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071961 - 30 Jun 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2743

Abstract

Introduction: In recent decades, the number of gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) cases, associated with coexisting metabolic disorders, has been continuously increasing. Patients with progressing neoplastic disease are at a risk of malnutrition. To improve the quality of life of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) patients, the therapeutic approach should be supported by a well-balanced diet. The aim of the study was to analyze the nutritional errors and deficits in a group of GEP-NET patients. Materials and methods: The study group included 26 GEP-NET patients; 13 men and 13 women. The mean age of women was 68.77 ± 8.0, and the mean age of men was 64.69 ± 8.1. Three interviews on consumption in the last 24 h were performed, in order to evaluate the quality and quantity of nutrition. The data was incorporated into a dietetics software, which allows one to calculate the number of over 58 micronutrients and macronutrients with the participation of 52 menus. Subsequently, the mean values were compared with the current nutritional standards. Results: An energy deficit was observed in the group of women—76.9%, and men—100%, as well as high fat consumption in 23.1% in both groups. The proportions of SFA/MUFA/PUFA were very negative, whereas the consumption of saccharose was too high. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 100% of men and women. Moreover, both men and women experienced the deficiency of vitamin E, folates and niacin. The consumption of sodium and phosphorus was twice as high as recommended, and an insufficient supply of calcium was observed in 80% of women and 90% of men. The insufficient consumption of magnesium, iodine and potassium in a significant part of the studied group was observed. All participants consumed too much cholesterol and insufficient amounts of fiber. The healthy diet indicator (HDI) and diet quality index (DQI) scores were 3.1 ± 1.8 (HDI) and 3.7 ± 1.6 (DQI) for women, and 7.2 ± 2.6 (HDI) and 8.5 ± 2.4 (DQI) for men. Conclusions: When analyzing the nutrition of GEP-NET patients, we highlight that they do not have a proper diet, despite the fact that they changed the way they eat. Dietetics support and the development of official nutritional standards seem to be a necessary element in the therapy of GEP-NET patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

19 pages, 3374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Crocin is Protective in Pancreatic Cancer while Reducing Radiation-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Damage

by Hamid A. Bakshi, Mazhar S Al Zoubi, Hakkim L. Faruck, Alaa A A Aljabali, Firas A. Rabi, Amin A. Hafiz, Khalid M Al-Batanyeh, Bahaa Al-Trad, Prawej Ansari, Mohamed M. Nasef, Nitin B. Charbe, Saurabh Satija, Meenu Mehta, Vijay Mishra, Gaurav Gupta, Salem Abobaker, Poonam Negi, Ibrahim M. Azzouz, Ashref Ali K Dardouri, Harish Dureja, Parteek Prasher, Dinesh K. Chellappan, Kamal Dua, Mateus Webba da Silva, Mohamed El Tanani, Paul A. McCarron and Murtaza M. Tambuwala Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061901 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6098

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is one of the fatal causes of global cancer-related deaths. Although surgery and chemotherapy are standard treatment options, post-treatment outcomes often end in a poor prognosis. In the present study, we investigated anti-pancreatic cancer and amelioration of radiation-induced oxidative damage by crocin. Crocin is a carotenoid isolated from the dietary herb saffron, a prospect for novel leads as an anti-cancer agent. Crocin significantly reduced cell viability of BXPC3 and Capan-2 by triggering caspase signaling via the downregulation of Bcl-2. It modulated the expression of cell cycle signaling proteins P53, P21, P27, CDK2, c-MYC, Cyt-c and P38. Concomitantly, crocin treatment-induced apoptosis by inducing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. Microarray analysis of the expression signature of genes induced by crocin showed a substantial number of genes involved in cell signaling pathways and checkpoints (723) are significantly affected by crocin. In mice bearing pancreatic tumors, crocin significantly reduced tumor burden without a change in body weight. Additionally, it showed significant protection against radiation-induced hepatic oxidative damage, reduced the levels of hepatic toxicity and preserved liver morphology. These findings indicate that crocin has a potential role in the treatment, prevention and management of pancreatic cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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9 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Vitamin D Levels Predict Mortality in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

by Niv Ben-Shabat, Abdulla Watad, Aviv Shabat, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Doron Comaneshter, Arnon D. Cohen and Howard Amital

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051400 - 13 May 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3314

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of vitamin D deficiency on all-cause mortality in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and in the general population. This is a retrospective-cohort study based on the electronic database of the largest health-maintenance organization in Israel. AS patients who were first diagnosed between 2002–2007 were included. Controls were matched by age, gender and enrollment-time. Follow-up continued until death or end of study follow-up on 1 July 2019. Laboratory measures of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels during the entire follow-up period were obtained. A total of 919 AS patients and 4519 controls with a mean time of follow-up of 14.3 years were included. The mean age at the time of enrollment was 52 years, and 22% of them were females. AS was associated with a higher proportion of vitamin D deficiency (odds ratio 1.27 [95% confidence-interval (CI) 1.03–1.58]). In AS patients, insufficient levels of vitamin D (<30 ng/mL) were significantly associated with increased incidence of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.59 [95% CI 1.02–2.50]). This association was more prominent with the decrease in vitamin D levels (< 20 ng/mL, HR 1.63 [95% CI 1.03–2.60]; <10 ng/mL, HR 1.79 [95% CI 1.01–3.20]) and among male patients (<30 ng/mL, HR 2.11 [95% CI 1.20–3.72]; <20 ng/mL, HR 2.12 [95% CI 1.19–3.80]; <10 ng/mL, HR 2.23 [95% CI 1.12–4.43]). However, inadequate levels of vitamin D among controls were not associated with an increased all-cause mortality. Our study has shown that vitamin D deficiency is more common in AS patients than controls and is linked to an increased risk for all-cause mortality. These results emphasize the need for randomized-controlled trials to evaluate the benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a secondary prevention of mortality in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

17 pages, 3014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antecedent Dietary Glutamine Supplementation Benefits Modulation of Liver Pyroptosis in Mice with Polymicrobial Sepsis

by Man-Hui Pai, Jin-Ming Wu, Po-Jen Yang, Po-Chu Lee, Chun-Chieh Huang, Sung-Ling Yeh and Ming-Tsan Lin

Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041086 - 14 Apr 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

The liver is the main organ responsible for bacterial and endotoxin clearance. Pyroptosis is a form of proinflammatory programmed cell death activated by caspase-1/11 and gasdermin D (GadD). Pyroptosis protects the host against bacterial infection; however, overactive pyroptosis can lead to organ injury. Glutamine (GLN) is a specific amino acid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This study investigated the effects of GLN pretreatment on liver pyroptosis in a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis. Mice were assigned to sham, sepsis control (Sepsis-C), and sepsis GLN (Sepsis-G) groups. The sham and Sepsis-C groups were fed the AIN-93G diet. The Sepsis-G group was provided with identical diet components except that part of the casein was replaced by GLN. After feeding the respective diets for 2 weeks, a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure was performed in the sepsis groups. An antibiotic was administered after CLP. Mice were sacrificed at either 24 or 72 h after CLP. The results showed that sepsis resulted in upregulated liver caspase-1/11 expression. Compared to the Sepsis-C group, the Sepsis-G group had higher liver caspase-11 and NLRP3 gene expressions at 24 h and lower active caspase-1/11 and cleaved GadD protein levels at 72 h after sepsis. Additionally, liver inflammatory cytokine gene expressions had decreased by 72 h post-CLP. The findings suggest that prophylactic administration of GLN initially upregulated liver pyroptosis to eradicate pathogens, yet the process of pyroptosis was suppressed in the late phase of sepsis. This may have beneficially attenuated liver inflammation and injury in an antibiotic-treated septic condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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35 pages, 7704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of the Total Western Diet Promotes Colitis and Inflammation-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice

by Abby D. Benninghoff, Korry J. Hintze, Stephany P. Monsanto, Daphne M. Rodriguez, Ashli H. Hunter, Sumira Phatak, James J. Pestka, Arnaud J. Van Wettere and Robert E. Ward

Nutrients 2020, 12(2), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020544 - 20 Feb 2020

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5685

Abstract

Consumption of a Western type diet is a known risk factor for colorectal cancer. Our group previously developed the total Western diet (TWD) for rodents with energy and nutrient profiles that emulate a typical Western diet. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that consumption of the TWD would enhance colitis, delay recovery from gut injury and promote colon tumorigenesis. In multiple experiments using the azoxymethane + dextran sodium sulfate or Apc^Min/+ mouse models of colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis (CAC), we determined that mice fed TWD experienced more severe and more prolonged colitis compared to their counterparts fed the standard AIN93G diet, ultimately leading to markedly enhanced colon tumorigenesis. Additionally, this increased tumor response was attributed to the micronutrient fraction of the TWD, and restoration of calcium and vitamin D to standard amounts ameliorated the tumor-promoting effects of TWD. Finally, exposure to the TWD elicited large scale, dynamic changes in mRNA signatures of colon mucosa associated with interferon (IFN) response, inflammation, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and antigen processing pathways, among others. Taken together, these observations indicate that consumption of the TWD markedly enhanced colitis, delayed recovery from gut injury, and enhanced colon tumorigenesis likely via extensive changes in expression of immune-related genes in the colon mucosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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18 pages, 19203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Alleviates DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice through Modulating Immune Balance and Skin Barrier Function

by Sung Ho Kim, Geum Su Seong and Se Young Choung

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010249 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8940

Abstract

Morinda citrifolia, a fruit generally known as “Noni”, has been traditionally used in parts of East Asia to relieve inflammatory diseases. Although several studies using noni have been reported, the effect of fermented Morinda citrifolia (F.NONI) on atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the improving effect of F.NONI treatment on AD-like skin lesions and elucidate molecular mechanisms. F.NONI was prepared by the fermentation of noni fruit with probiotics and then extracted. F.NONI was orally administrated to NC/Nga mice to evaluate its therapeutic effect on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD. Oral administration of F.NONI significantly alleviated AD lesions and symptoms such as dermatitis scores, ear thickness, scratching behavior, epidermal thickness, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (e.g., mast cells and eosinophils). In addition, F.NONI treatment reduced the levels of histamine, IgE and IgG1/IgG2a ratio, thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in serum and beneficially modulated the expressions of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22-mediated cytokines in lesioned skin and splenocytes. Furthermore, the expressions of the skin barrier-related proteins including filaggrin (FLG), loricrin (LOR), involucrin (IVL), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin (OCC) were restored by F.NONI treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that F.NONI could be a therapeutic agent to attenuate AD-like skin lesions through modulating the immune balance and skin barrier function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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Review

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15 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition

by Kayvan Khoramipour, Karim Chamari, Amirhosein Ahmadi Hekmatikar, Amirhosein Ziyaiyan, Shima Taherkhani, Nihal M. Elguindy and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041180 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 10571

Abstract

Adiponectin (a protein consisting of 244 amino acids and characterized by a molecular weight of 28 kDa) is a cytokine that is secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine). Available evidence suggests that adiponectin is involved in a variety of physiological functions, molecular and cellular events, including lipid metabolism, energy regulation, immune response and inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. It has a protective effect on neurons and neural stem cells. Adiponectin levels have been reported to be negatively correlated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and shown to be affected (i.e., significantly increased) by proper healthy nutrition. The present review comprehensively overviews the role of adiponectin in a range of diseases, showing that it can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing these disorders as well as a target for monitoring the effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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29 pages, 1817 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Treatment of Cervical Cancer: A Review

by Seung-Hyeok Park, Minsun Kim, Somi Lee, Woojin Jung and Bonglee Kim

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010154 - 05 Jan 2021

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6682

Abstract

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Though several natural products have been reported regarding their efficacies against cervical cancer, there has been no review article that categorized them according to their anti-cancer mechanisms. In this study, anti-cancerous natural products against cervical cancer were collected using Pubmed (including Medline) and google scholar, published within three years. Their mechanisms were categorized as induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of metastasis, reduction of resistance, and regulation of miRNAs. A total of 64 natural products suppressed cervical cancer. Among them, Penicillium sclerotiorum extracts from Cassia fistula L., ethanol extracts from Bauhinia variegate candida, thymoquinone obtained from Nigella sativa, lipid-soluble extracts of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott., and 1′S-1′-acetoxychavicol extracted from Alpinia conchigera have been shown to have multi-effects against cervical cancer. In conclusion, natural products could be attractive candidates for novel anti-cancer drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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13 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary Factors Modulating Colorectal Carcinogenesis

by Filippo Vernia, Salvatore Longo, Gianpiero Stefanelli, Angelo Viscido and Giovanni Latella

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010143 - 03 Jan 2021

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 9176

Abstract

The development of colorectal cancer, responsible for 9% of cancer-related deaths, is favored by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The modification of diet and lifestyle may modify the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and prevent neoplasia in up to 50% of cases. The Western diet, characterized by a high intake of fat, red meat and processed meat has emerged as an important contributor. Conversely, a high intake of dietary fiber partially counteracts the unfavorable effects of meat through multiple mechanisms, including reduced intestinal transit time and dilution of carcinogenic compounds. Providing antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E) and leading to increased intraluminal production of protective fermentation products, like butyrate, represent other beneficial and useful effects of a fiber-rich diet. Protective effects on the risk of developing colorectal cancer have been also advocated for some specific micronutrients like vitamin D, selenium, and calcium. Diet-induced modifications of the gut microbiota modulate colonic epithelial cell homeostasis and carcinogenesis. This can have, under different conditions, opposite effects on the risk of CRC, through the production of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents or, conversely, of protective compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on the role of diet as a potential risk factor for the development of colorectal malignancies, as well as providing possible prevention dietary strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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37 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Factors and Supplements Influencing Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Concentrations in Men with Prostate Cancer and Increased Cancer Risk: An Evidence Analysis Review Based on Randomized Controlled Trials

by Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Stefanos Τ. Papageorgiou, Ioannis Myrogiannis, Ioannis Mykoniatis, Theodora Papamitsou, Dimitrios P. Bogdanos and Dimitrios G. Goulis

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 2985; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102985 - 29 Sep 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9484

Abstract

The quest for dietary patterns and supplements efficient in down-regulating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations among men with prostate cancer (PCa) or increased PCa risk has been long. Several antioxidants, including lycopene, selenium, curcumin, coenzyme Q10, phytoestrogens (including isoflavones and flavonoids), green tea catechins, cernitin, vitamins (C, E, D) and multivitamins, medicinal mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum), fruit extracts (saw palmetto, cranberries, pomegranate), walnuts and fatty acids, as well as combined supplementations of all, have been examined in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans, on the primary, secondary, and tertiary PCa prevention level. Despite the plethora of trials and the variety of examined interventions, the evidence supporting the efficacy of most dietary factors appears inadequate to recommend their use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

16 pages, 2930 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunonutrition in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer Undergoing Surgical Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Fu-An Yang, Yang-Ching Chen and Cheng Tiong

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092798 - 12 Sep 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4556

Abstract

Immunonutrition is administered to improve the outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing surgery. However, its effect and mechanism of action remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess its effects on postoperative outcome and the immune system. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified and data extracted by two reviewers independently from electronic databases from their inception to 31 October 2019. The result was expressed as the risk ratio (RR) for categorical variables and mean difference (MD) for continuous variables with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Six RCTs published from 1999 and 2016, with a total of 368 patients, were included. The results revealed that immunonutrition significantly decreased the rate of infectious complications (RR = 0.47, 95% CI (0.23, 0.94), p = 0.03) and the length of hospital stay (MD = −1.90, 95% CI (−3.78, −0.02), p = 0.05) by modulating the immune system, especially in preoperative group in subgroup analysis. We therefore recommend that patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing surgery could take the advantage of immunonutrition, especially in the preoperative period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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16 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrigenomics and Breast Cancer: State-of-Art, Future Perspectives and Insights for Prevention

by Maha Sellami and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi

Nutrients 2020, 12(2), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020512 - 18 Feb 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8629

Abstract

Proper nutrition plays a major role in preventing diseases and, therefore, nutritional interventions constitute crucial strategies in the field of Public Health. Nutrigenomics and nutriproteomics are arising from the integration of nutritional, genomics and proteomics specialties in the era of postgenomics medicine. In particular, nutrigenomics and nutriproteomics focus on the interaction between nutrients and the human genome and proteome, respectively, providing insights into the role of diet in carcinogenesis. Further omics disciplines, like metabonomics, interactomics and microbiomics, are expected to provide a better understanding of nutrition and its underlying factors. These fields represent an unprecedented opportunity for the development of personalized diets in women at risk of developing breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

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