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Polymers
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Overviews on the Progress of Epoxy Resins: Preparation, Processing, Properties...
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Overviews on the Progress of Epoxy Resins: Preparation, Processing, Properties and Applications

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Processing and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 3710

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Evangelia Vouvoudi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: chemistry of novel epoxy molecules and hardeners used in cross-linked dhesives for cultural conservation and glass restoration; polymerization kinetics and DC% calculations on macromolecules’ reactions for epoxy curing via instrumental techniques; physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, colorimetric properties and spectroscopic characterization of cured materials; influence of filling materials on the mechanical properties of polymer composites; evaluation of their degradation process
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The contribution of epoxy resins to the technological evolution of polymeric materials is so profound that it is difficult to enumerate their applications and uses in daily life or special topics. It is incontestable that the adhesives, composites, primers, sealants or coatings which are based on epoxy resins have found, and continue to find, great response in a vast range of applications. Particularly, sectors like materials restoration/conservation, engineering, manufacturing, and electronics would not have enjoyed the same development without epoxy resins.

The chemistry of epoxies is rich in the possibilities of reactions, giving researchers the opportunity to alter the structure of the final macromolecules and, therefore, the properties of the resulting three-dimensional network. The initial step-growth polymerization occurs between the epoxy oligomer and the cross-linking agent. Further curing can be done either by heat transfer, by UV irradiation or in ambient conditions in the presence of the appropriate curing agent (hardener). In all cases, the crosslinking agent determines the rate of polymerization, the density of crosslinks and the strength of the final network.

The thermal tolerance of epoxy resins, their mechanical endurance and their resistance to chemical reagents are well-known, which is why investigations regarding the ageing of set resins in environments of accelerated degradation (in the presence of light, solvents, temperature) are very appealing. The characteristic “yellowing” of epoxies may occur under those conditions, signifying the future reluctance of those materials in long-term exposure.

Briefly, the above certainly indicates the value of epoxy resins as commercial products and research objects, but also the wealth of knowledge we can gain by studying their properties, potential and correspondence towards any kind of deformation. I invite the scientists, peers and practitioners in the field to make us all participants in the knowledge generated, by contributing their work to the current Special Issue of Polymers.

Dr. Evangelia Vouvoudi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • epoxy ring
  • glass restoration
  • coatings
  • surface conservation
  • reinforced composites
  • cross-linked polymers
  • UV polymerization
  • thermosetting
  • condensation polymerization
  • tertiary amines

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 4828 KiB  
Article
Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins
by Anna Sienkiewicz and Piotr Czub
Polymers 2023, 15(17), 3521; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15173521 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 962
Abstract
Nowadays, in the era of growing ecological awareness, composites based on synthetic or bio-based polymers and fillers of natural origin find various potential applications. Plant-based materials are obtained using plant-derived materials, such as e.g., vegetable oil or wood fillers. Such synthesis of polymer [...] Read more.
Nowadays, in the era of growing ecological awareness, composites based on synthetic or bio-based polymers and fillers of natural origin find various potential applications. Plant-based materials are obtained using plant-derived materials, such as e.g., vegetable oil or wood fillers. Such synthesis of polymer composites allows for the selection of the reactants in terms of the potential requirements of the application. In the presented research polymer composites were obtained using bio-based high molecular-weight epoxy resins of hydroxylated soybean oil (SMEG) and a low-molecular-weight epoxy resin (EPR 0162) filled with the oak wood flour waste from the production of parquet flooring. To increase the poor compatibility between the highly hydrophilic wood fibers and the hydrophobic polymer matrix, waste wood flour (WF) was subjected to chemical modifications (mercerization, acetylation, and diisocyanate modification). Based on performed FT-IR and SEM analysis of wood flour, it was found that, among all performed modifications, the acetylation allows for the hydroxyl groups removal to the greatest extent. As a result of sequence synthesis including (1) the synthesis of SMEG_EPR polyaddition product, (2) the introduction of WF followed by its (3) curing with diisocyanate, obtained wood/polymer composites contain about 40% of raw materials of natural origin. As a consequence of the carried out modification of the wood waste flour, the compatibility of the filler and the bio-based polymer matrix was improved, resulting in an improvement in compressive strength by 3.51 MPa (SMEG_EPR_2% WF-10% NaOH) and 2.19 MPa (SMEG_EPR_2% A-WF) compared to samples containing unmodified wood flour. Additionally, concerning the results registered for pure SMEG_EPR composition, the introduction of 2 wt.% of wood filler resulted in a three/fourfold increase in the elongation at the break of the composition containing unmodified and chemically modified wood flour (10.99%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF; SMEG_EPR_2%WF-5%NaOH–10.36%; SMEG_EPR_2%WF-10%NaOH–9.54%, and 12.15%—SMEG_EPR_2%A-WF). Moreover, the incorporation of wood filler increased the value of the compression set of samples (2.40%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF, 2.39%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF-5%NaOH, and 2.34% for SMEG_EPR_2%WF-10%NaOH compared with 2.32%—SMEG_EPR). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overviews on the Progress of Epoxy Resins: Preparation, Processing, Properties and Applications)
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19 pages, 3946 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Sustainable Asphalt Concrete Materials Utilizing Waste Plastic Aggregate, Epoxy Resin, and Magnesium-Based Additive
by Sang-Yum Lee and Tri Ho Minh Le
Polymers 2023, 15(15), 3293; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153293 - 3 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 976
Abstract
This research addresses the urgent need for sustainable and durable asphalt mixtures by quantitatively investigating the effects of incorporating waste plastic aggregate (WPA) and magnesium-based additives. This study explores WPA content levels of 3%, 5%, and 7% wt of aggregate in combination with [...] Read more.
This research addresses the urgent need for sustainable and durable asphalt mixtures by quantitatively investigating the effects of incorporating waste plastic aggregate (WPA) and magnesium-based additives. This study explores WPA content levels of 3%, 5%, and 7% wt of aggregate in combination with a fixed 3% wt epoxy resin content to the asphalt binder, supplemented with the 1.5% wt magnesium-based additive. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of various performance parameters, including deformation strength, indirect tensile strength (ITS), rut depth, and dynamic stability, to assess the impact of WPA, epoxy resin, and the magnesium-based additive on asphalt mixture properties. The results demonstrate significant improvements in key performance aspects with increasing WPA content. The WPA mixtures exhibit enhanced deformation strength, with values of 4.01, 3.7, and 3.32 MPa for 3, 5, and 7% wt WPA content, respectively, compared to the control mixture. Furthermore, the inclusion of WPA and epoxy resin, along with the magnesium-based additive, contributes to improved adhesion, cohesion, and resistance to stripping damage. Notably, the 7% wt WPA mixture showcases exceptional performance, characterized by a final rut depth of 2.66 mm and a dynamic stability of 7519 passes per millimeter, highlighting its superior rutting resistance and load-bearing capacity. This study also reveals the influence of WPA content on ITS and stiffness properties, with the 5% wt WPA mixture achieving an optimal balance between strength and stiffness. Overall, this research highlights the potential of incorporating WPA, epoxy resin, and magnesium-based additives in asphalt mixtures to enhance their performance and durability. By utilizing plastic waste materials and optimizing their combination with epoxy reinforcement, along with the innovative use of magnesium-based additive, the findings contribute to the development of sustainable infrastructure materials and pave the way for further advancements in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overviews on the Progress of Epoxy Resins: Preparation, Processing, Properties and Applications)
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15 pages, 9838 KiB  
Article
Biomimetic Mineralized Hydrophilic Polyurethane Primers for Inducing Dentin Tubule Fillings
by Zilu Tian, Shiyang Yu, Huimin Wang, Yubin Yang, Xuanyan Zhu and Song Zhu
Polymers 2022, 14(21), 4716; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214716 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1244
Abstract
This experiment aimed to synthesize a biomimetic mineralized hydrophilic polyurethane dentin primer containing DDDEEKC peptide (DDDEEKC-PU) to fill dentin tubules and induce mineralization. The degree of conversion (DC) was tested. Dentin samples were acid-etched and treated with DDDEEKC-PU. They were immersed in stimulated [...] Read more.
This experiment aimed to synthesize a biomimetic mineralized hydrophilic polyurethane dentin primer containing DDDEEKC peptide (DDDEEKC-PU) to fill dentin tubules and induce mineralization. The degree of conversion (DC) was tested. Dentin samples were acid-etched and treated with DDDEEKC-PU. They were immersed in stimulated human fluid (SBF) for 7, 14 and 28 days. Dentin permeability, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Vickers hardness were measured. After 28 days, regenerated minerals were deposited on resin tags which were confirmed to be hydroxyapatite (HAp). The minerals reduced the dentin permeability and improved the microhardness. DDDEEKC-PU was able to fill dental tubules immediately and induce mineralization simultaneously. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overviews on the Progress of Epoxy Resins: Preparation, Processing, Properties and Applications)
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