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Polymers
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Flame-Retardant Polymer Composites II
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Flame-Retardant Polymer Composites II

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 3926

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marcos Batistella

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Guest Editor
IMT Mines Alès, 30100 Alès, France
Interests: flame retardancy; polymers; mineral fillers; additive manufacturing; polymer composites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Laurent Ferry

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Guest Editor
IMT Mines Ales, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), 6 Avenue de Clavières, CEDEX, 30319 Alès, France
Interests: flame retardancy; fire behavior; thermal degradation of polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymer composites are extensively employed in various industrial applications, such as transport, wind energy production, aerospace, defense and electronics, among others. Moreover, these materials are often associated with fire hazards, limiting their utilization in some industries, such as transport and defense. Therefore, the flammability of composites must be evaluated and, if required, flame retardants, nanofillers, inorganic particles or other additives should be employed in order to enhance their fire behavior.

Flame-retarded polymer composites can be obtained via various processing routes, such as injection molding, thermo compression or additive manufacturing (AM). Recently, the utilization of AM has expanded the applicative potential of polymer composites because it enables the production of extremely complex parts. However, some composites are not suitable for AM due to the specificities of these technologies. Furthermore, some additives are prone to affecting the functional properties of the composites, regardless of the processing route. Thus, composites and additives should be carefully selected in order to avoid problems during processing, and effective flame-retardant systems should be chosen or developed in order to meet the requirements of the new applications.

Hence, this Special Issue aims to identify the most recent scientific advancements in the flame retardancy of polymer composites processed through various routes, as well developments in the characterization of the flame retardancy mechanism.

Dr. Marcos Batistella
Prof. Dr. Laurent Ferry
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • polymer composites
  • fire behavior
  • additive manufacturing
  • injection molding
  • thermocompression
  • flame retardancy
  • inorganic fillers

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 19175 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of a Novel P/N-Triazine-Containing Ring Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin
by Yi Yu, Junlei Chen, Anxin Ding, Changzeng Wang, Yunfei Wang and Ling Yang
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070871 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 637
Abstract
To meet the environmental protection and flame retardancy requirements for epoxy resins (EPs) in certain fields, in this study, a novel triazine-ring-containing DOPO-derived compound (VDPD), derived from vanillin, 2,4-Diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), was synthesized using a one-pot method. Flame-retardant epoxy resin (FREP) was [...] Read more.
To meet the environmental protection and flame retardancy requirements for epoxy resins (EPs) in certain fields, in this study, a novel triazine-ring-containing DOPO-derived compound (VDPD), derived from vanillin, 2,4-Diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), was synthesized using a one-pot method. Flame-retardant epoxy resin (FREP) was prepared by adding various ratios of VDPD to EP and curing with 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The curing behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant properties of the FREP were examined in various tests. According to the results, when the amount of VDPD added to the EP increased, the glass transition temperature of the FREP decreased linearly, and the flame-retardant properties gradually improved. With a 0.4 wt.% P content, the vertical burning rating of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 (according to the theoretical content of VDPD) reached the V-0 level, and the LOI value reached 33.1%. In addition, the results of a CCT showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased by 32% in comparison with that of the EP. Furthermore, compared with those of the EP, the tensile strength of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased from 80.2 MPa to 74.3 MPa, only decreasing by 6 MPa, and the tensile modulus increased. Overall, VDPD can maintain the mechanical properties of EP and effectively improve its flame-retardant properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame-Retardant Polymer Composites II)
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18 pages, 5968 KiB  
Article
The Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of the Epoxy Modified by an Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant
by Pengyu Li, Jihui Wang, Changzeng Wang, Chengxin Xu and Aiqing Ni
Polymers 2024, 16(5), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050631 - 26 Feb 2024
Viewed by 938
Abstract
Currently, the mechanical performance reduction caused by excessive phosphorus content in the halogen-free flame-retardant EP has been an obstacle to its extensive application. This study presents the effective synthesis of a novel flame-retardant BDD with great efficiency, achieving an optimum phosphorus level of [...] Read more.
Currently, the mechanical performance reduction caused by excessive phosphorus content in the halogen-free flame-retardant EP has been an obstacle to its extensive application. This study presents the effective synthesis of a novel flame-retardant BDD with great efficiency, achieving an optimum phosphorus level of merely 0.25 wt %. The structure of BDD was verified by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR and XPS spectra. To investigate the flame-retardant properties of BDD, several EPs with various phosphorus levels were synthesized. The addition of phosphorus to the EP significantly increases its LOI value from 25.8% to 33.4% at a phosphorus level of 0.25 wt%. Additionally, the resin achieves a V-0 grade in the UL 94 test. The P-HRR and THR of the modified resin measured by the cone calorimeter are also significantly reduced. At the same time, the addition of a modest quantity of BDD has a minimal impact on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. This study shows that the removal of hydroxyl groups significantly enhances the fire resistance of phosphate-based flame retardants, thereby providing a novel approach to synthesizing efficient flame retardants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame-Retardant Polymer Composites II)
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26 pages, 3965 KiB  
Article
Elaboration of Thermally Performing Polyurethane Foams, Based on Biopolyols, with Thermal Insulating Applications
by Pedro Luis De Hoyos-Martinez, Sebastian Barriga Mendez, Eriz Corro Martinez, De-Yi Wang and Jalel Labidi
Polymers 2024, 16(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16020258 - 16 Jan 2024
Viewed by 979
Abstract
In this work, biobased rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) were developed with the aim of achieving thermal and fireproofing properties that can compete with those of the commercially available products. First, the synthesis of a biopolyol from a wood residue by means of a [...] Read more.
In this work, biobased rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) were developed with the aim of achieving thermal and fireproofing properties that can compete with those of the commercially available products. First, the synthesis of a biopolyol from a wood residue by means of a scaled-up process with suitable yield and reaction conditions was carried out. This biopolyol was able to substitute completely the synthetic polyols that are typically employed within a polyurethane formulation. Different formulations were developed to assess the effect of two flame retardants, namely, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and amino polyphosphate (APP), in terms of their thermal properties and degradation and their fireproofing mechanism. The structure and the thermal degradation of the different formulations was evaluated via Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Likewise, the performance of the different PUF formulations was studied and compared to that of an industrial PUF. From these results, it can be highlighted that the addition of the flame retardants into the formulation showed an improvement in the results of the UL-94 vertical burning test and the LOI. Moreover, the fireproofing performance of the biobased formulations was comparable to that of the industrial one. In addition to that, it can be remarked that the biobased formulations displayed an excellent performance as thermal insulators (0.02371–0.02149 W·m−1·K−1), which was even slightly higher than that of the industrial one. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame-Retardant Polymer Composites II)
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18 pages, 6760 KiB  
Article
Preparation of High-Transparency Phosphenanthrene-Based Flame Retardants and Studies of Their Flame-Retardant Properties
by Tao Zhang and Yong Liu
Polymers 2023, 15(24), 4665; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244665 - 11 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889
Abstract
Transparency is an important property for polymer flame retardants, especially epoxy resin (EP) flame retardants, and flame-retardant epoxy resins that maintain a high transparency and low chromatic aberration play important roles in the optical, lighting, and energy industries. Herein, a DOPO-based flame retardant [...] Read more.
Transparency is an important property for polymer flame retardants, especially epoxy resin (EP) flame retardants, and flame-retardant epoxy resins that maintain a high transparency and low chromatic aberration play important roles in the optical, lighting, and energy industries. Herein, a DOPO-based flame retardant 6,6′-((sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) with a high transparency and low chromatic aberration was prepared via the classical Atherton–Todd reaction and named SBPDOPO. Its chemical structure was characterized with Fourier IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. An EP loaded with 7 wt% SBPDOPO passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 32.1%, and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production were reduced by 34.1%, 31.6%, and 27.7%, respectively, compared with those of pure EP. In addition, the addition of SBPDOPO improved the thermal stability, residual mass, and glass transition temperature of the EP. On this basis, the EP containing 7 wt% SBPDOPO maintained a high transparency and low color aberration, with a transmittance of 94% relative to that of pure EP and a color aberration ΔE of 1.63. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism of SBPDOPO was analyzed, which demonstrated that it exerted both gas-phase and condensed-phase flame-retardant effects, and that SBPDOPO/EP had high potential for application scenarios in which both flame retardancy and transparency are needed. SBPDOPO/EP has great potential for applications requiring both flame retardancy and transparency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame-Retardant Polymer Composites II)
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