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Polymers
Special Issues
Photopolymers
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Photopolymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2020) | Viewed by 11645

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. John T. Sheridan

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Guest Editor
UCD School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Interests: photo-polymeristion; photo-polymers; dye sensitised polymers; PQ/PMMA; optical applications of polymers including: holography, waveguides, gratings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jinxin Guo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Information Photonics Technology, College of Applied Sciences Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
Interests: photokinetics in photopolymerization; optical photopolymers and its applications in holographic data storage; photoluminescence; sensors
Dr. Ra'ed Malallah

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
Interests: photonic; optical and microwave communications; self-written waveguides; hologram data storage materials; photopolymerization kinetic modeling; fiber optics imaging; microwave and optical sensing; antenna design; radar cross section
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photopolymers are appealing materials for the fabrication of optical components. They have received a great deal of attention as they offer many advantages over other materials. For example, they are relatively inexpensive, easy to use (self-processing) and extremely versatile.  While many applications are being explored in order to achieve their full potential, there is significant value in understanding the photophysical and photochemical processes taking place within such materials during exposure. This Special Issue is concerned with the development, characterisation and applications of photopolymers. Material topics addressed will include the development of new media and performance characterisation, including material parameter estimation, response and optimisation.  Techniques explored will include the fabrication of waveguide, surface relief and volume element fabrication. Papers describing the manufacture of and application of photopolymers in sensors, opto-electrical circuits, to produce nanostructures and as self-healing and self-repair materials will be included. Both original contributions and technical review papers are welcome.   

Prof. Dr. John Sheridan
Dr. Jinxin Guo
Dr. Ra'ed Malallah
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Photopolymerisation
  • Dye-sensitised polymers
  • Photosensitiisers and dyes
  • Photochemistry
  • Nonlinear photo-absorptive effect
  • Fluorescence
  • Diffusion and mass transport
  • Holography
  • Photo-embossing
  • Gratings
  • Optical gel
  • Self-written waveguides
  • Optical waveguides

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3404 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of Holographic Waveguides Recorded in Photopolymers
by Cristian Neipp, Soumia Imane Taleb, Jorge Francés, Roberto Fernández, Daniel Puerto, Eva María Calzado, Sergi Gallego and Augusto Beléndez
Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071485 - 03 Jul 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2878
Abstract
In this work, we study the imaging characteristics of an optical see-through display based on a holographic waveguide. To fabricate this device, two transmission holograms are recorded on a photopolymer material attached to a glass substrate. The role of the holograms is to [...] Read more.
In this work, we study the imaging characteristics of an optical see-through display based on a holographic waveguide. To fabricate this device, two transmission holograms are recorded on a photopolymer material attached to a glass substrate. The role of the holograms is to couple the incident light between air and the glass substrate, accomplishing total internal reflection. The role of noise reflection gratings and shrinkage on the imaging characteristics of the device will be also explored. The holograms (slanted transmission gratings with a spatial frequency of 1690 lines/mm) were recorded on a polyvinyl alcohol acrylamide holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) material. We will show that sufficient refractive index modulation is achieved in the material, in order to obtain high diffraction efficiencies. We will demonstrate that the final device acts as an image formation system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photopolymers)
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15 pages, 4902 KiB  
Article
Monocomponent Photoinitiators based on Benzophenone-Carbazole Structure for LED Photoinitiating Systems and Application on 3D Printing
by Shaohui Liu, Hong Chen, Yijun Zhang, Ke Sun, Yangyang Xu, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Bernadette Graff, Guillaume Noirbent, Corentin Pigot, Damien Brunel, Malek Nechab, Didier Gigmes, Pu Xiao, Frédéric Dumur and Jacques Lalevée
Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061394 - 22 Jun 2020
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 3947
Abstract
In this article, different substituents (benzoyl, acetyl, styryl) are introduced onto the carbazole scaffold to obtain 8 novel carbazole derivatives. Interestingly, a benzoyl substituent, connected to a carbazole group, could form a benzophenone moiety, which composes a monocomponent Type II benzophenone-carbazole photoinitiator (PI). [...] Read more.
In this article, different substituents (benzoyl, acetyl, styryl) are introduced onto the carbazole scaffold to obtain 8 novel carbazole derivatives. Interestingly, a benzoyl substituent, connected to a carbazole group, could form a benzophenone moiety, which composes a monocomponent Type II benzophenone-carbazole photoinitiator (PI). The synergetic effect of the benzophenone moiety and the amine in the carbazole moiety is expected to produce high performance photoinitiating systems (PISs) for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP). For different substituents, clear effects on the light absorption properties are demonstrated using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. Benzophenone-carbazole PIs can initiate the FRP of acrylates alone (monocomponent Type II photoinitiator behavior). In addition, fast polymerization rates and high function conversions of acrylate are observed when an amine and/or an iodonium salt are added in systems. Benzophenone-carbazole PIs have good efficiencies in cationic photopolymerization (CP) upon LED @ 365 nm irradiation in the presence of iodonium salt. In contrast, other PIs without synergetic effect demonstrate unsatisfied photopolymerization profiles in the same conditions. The best PIS identified for the free radical photopolymerization were used in three-dimensional (3D) printing. Steady state photolysis and fluorescence quenching experiments were carried out to investigate the reactivity and the photochemistry and photophysical properties of PIs. The free radicals, generated from the studied PISs, are detected by the electron spin resonance - spin trapping technique. The proposed chemical mechanisms are provided and the structure/reactivity/efficiency relationships are also discussed. All the results showed that the benzophenone-carbazole PIs have a good application potential, and this work provides a rational design route for PI molecules. Remarkably, BPC2-BPC4, C6, C8 were never synthetized before; therefore, 5 of the 8 compounds are completely new. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photopolymers)
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12 pages, 4427 KiB  
Article
Ultra-High Through-Cure of (Meth)Acrylate Copolymers via Photofrontal Polymerization
by Catharina Ebner, Julia Mitterer, Paul Eigruber, Sebastian Stieger, Gisbert Riess and Wolfgang Kern
Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061291 - 04 Jun 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3953
Abstract
Photopolymerization offers substantial advantages in terms of time, temperature, energy consumption, and spatial control of the initiation. The application however is strongly limited due to the constrained penetration of light into thick films. Strategies to overcome the problem of limited curing depth, as [...] Read more.
Photopolymerization offers substantial advantages in terms of time, temperature, energy consumption, and spatial control of the initiation. The application however is strongly limited due to the constrained penetration of light into thick films. Strategies to overcome the problem of limited curing depth, as well as to improve the curing of shadow areas, involve dual curing, frontal polymerization, and upconversion of particles. Whereas excellent results have been accomplished applying photofrontal polymerization on a theoretical level, few studies report on practical applications achieving high curing depth within short time. This study aims to investigate the potential of photofrontal polymerization, performed only with photoinitiator and light, for the fast and easy production of several-centimeter-thick (meth)acrylic layers. Monomer/ initiator systems were evaluated with respect to their optical density as well as photobleaching behavior. Moreover, depth-dependent polymerization was studied in specimens of varying monomer ratio and photoinitiator concentration. When an ideal photoinitiator concentration was selected, curing up to 52 mm in depth was accomplished within minutes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photopolymers)
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