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Polymers
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Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering
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Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2020) | Viewed by 29584

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luis Rodríguez-Lorenzo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros (ICTP), Madrid, Spain
Interests: biomaterials; tissue engineering; biocompatibility; scaffolds; hybrids; composites; polysaccharides; chemical synthesis; processing; bioprinting

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is dedicated to the different roles that polymers may play in bone regeneration. We would like to cover topics ranging from biodegradable natural-based polysaccharides (collagen, silk, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, etc.) and synthetic polyesters such as poly(lactic acid), PLA, poly(glycolic acid), PGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolide), PLGA, Poly(e-caprolactone), PCL, Polyhydroxyalkanoates, and PHA, to new chemical modifications including inorganic hybridation for improving biological interaction, and new roles and applications developed in the last few years that go from membranes for guided regeneration, antimicrobial membranes, drug and gen delivery particles or devices, thermoplastics for 3D printing, bioprinting, and any other aspect that involves macromolecules in the field of bone regeneration

Dr. Luis Rodríguez-Lorenzo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bone regeneration
  • biodegradable polymers
  • chemical modifications, bioactivity
  • membranes for guided regeneration
  • antimicrobial
  • drug and gen delivery
  • 3D printing
  • bioprinting

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4146 KiB  
Article
Design of Thermoplastic 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Influence of Parameters of “Hidden” Importance in the Physical Properties of Scaffolds
by Nieves Cubo-Mateo and Luis M. Rodríguez-Lorenzo
Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071546 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4382
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are becoming the approaches of choice for the construction of scaffolds in tissue engineering. However, the development of 3D printing in this field brings unique challenges, which must be accounted for in the design of experiments. The common printing [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are becoming the approaches of choice for the construction of scaffolds in tissue engineering. However, the development of 3D printing in this field brings unique challenges, which must be accounted for in the design of experiments. The common printing process parameters must be considered as important factors in the design and quality of final 3D-printed products. In this work, we study the influence of some parameters in the design and fabrication of PCL scaffolds, such as the number and orientation of layers, but also others of “hidden” importance, such as the cooling down rate while printing, or the position of the starting point in each layer. These factors can have an important impact oin the final porosity and mechanical performance of the scaffolds. A pure polycaprolactone filament was used. Three different configurations were selected for the design of the internal structure of the scaffolds: a solid one with alternate layers (solid) (0°, 90°), a porous one with 30% infill and alternate layers (ALT) (0°, 90°) and a non-alternated configuration consisting in printing three piled layers before changing the orientation (n-ALT) (0°, 0°, 0°, 90°, 90°, 90°). The nozzle temperature was set to 172 °C for printing and the build plate to 40 °C. Strand diameters of 361 ± 26 µm for room temperature cooling down and of 290 ± 30 µm for forced cooling down, were obtained. A compression elastic modulus of 2.12 ± 0.31 MPa for n-ALT and 8.58 ± 0.14 MPa for ALT scaffolds were obtained. The cooling down rate has been observed as an important parameter for the final characteristics of the scaffold. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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15 pages, 4999 KiB  
Article
Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Incorporated Silk Fibroin as a Potential Bio-Scaffold in Guiding Bone Regeneration
by Dewi Sartika, Chih-Hsin Wang, Ding-Han Wang, Juin-Hong Cherng, Shu-Jen Chang, Gang-Yi Fan, Yi-Wen Wang, Chian-Her Lee, Po-Da Hong and Chih-Chien Wang
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040853 - 7 Apr 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3190
Abstract
Recently, stem cell-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been recognized as a preferable and clinically significant strategy for bone repair. In this study, a pure 3D silk fibroin (SF) scaffold was fabricated as a BTE material using a lyophilization method. We aimed to [...] Read more.
Recently, stem cell-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been recognized as a preferable and clinically significant strategy for bone repair. In this study, a pure 3D silk fibroin (SF) scaffold was fabricated as a BTE material using a lyophilization method. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of the SF scaffold with and without seeded human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) in facilitating bone regeneration. The effectiveness of the SF-hASCs scaffold was evaluated based on physical characterization, biocompatibility, osteogenic differentiation in vitro, and bone regeneration in critical rat calvarial defects in vivo. The SF scaffold demonstrated superior biocompatibility and significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in vitro. At six and twelve weeks postimplantation, micro-CT showed no statistical difference in new bone formation amongst all groups. However, histological staining results revealed that the SF-hASCs scaffold exhibited a better bone extracellular matrix deposition in the defect regions compared to other groups. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed this result; expression of osteoblast-related genes (BMP-2, COL1a1, and OCN) with the SF-hASCs scaffold treatment was remarkably positive, indicating their ability to achieve effective bone remodeling. Thus, these findings demonstrate that SF can serve as a potential carrier for stem cells, to be used as an osteoconductive bioscaffold for BTE applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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24 pages, 8796 KiB  
Article
Calcium Phosphate Incorporated Bacterial Cellulose-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Based Hydrogel Scaffold: Structural Property and Cell Viability Study for Bone Regeneration Application
by Probal Basu, Nabanita Saha, Radostina Alexandrova and Petr Saha
Polymers 2019, 11(11), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111821 - 6 Nov 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4546
Abstract
This work focuses on the analysis of structural and functional properties of calcium phosphate (CaP) incorporated bacterial cellulose (BC)-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based hydrogel scaffolds referred to as “CaP/BC-PVP”. CaP is incorporated in the scaffolds in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) [...] Read more.
This work focuses on the analysis of structural and functional properties of calcium phosphate (CaP) incorporated bacterial cellulose (BC)-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based hydrogel scaffolds referred to as “CaP/BC-PVP”. CaP is incorporated in the scaffolds in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in different concentrations (β-TCP: HA (w/w) = 20:80, 40:60, and 50:50). The scaffolds were characterized on the basis of porosity, thermal, biodegradation, mechanical, and cell viability/cytocompatibility properties. The structural properties of all the hydrogel scaffolds show significant porosity. The biodegradation of “CaP/BC-PVP” scaffold was evaluated following hydrolytic degradation. Weight loss profile, pH change, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study confirm the significant degradability of the scaffolds. It is observed that a 50:50_CaP/BC-PVP scaffold has the highest degree of degradation. On the other hand, the compressive strengths of CaP/BC-PVP hydrogel scaffolds are found between 0.21 to 0.31 MPa, which is comparable with the human trabecular bone. The cell viability study is performed with a human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cell line, where significant cell viability is observed in all the hydrogel scaffolds. This indicated their ability to facilitate cell growth and cell proliferation. Considering all these substantial properties, CaP/BC-PVP hydrogel scaffolds can be suggested for detailed investigation in the context of bone regeneration application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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12 pages, 5092 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Characteristics of PCL Membranes Containing Strontium-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers for Guided Bone Regeneration
by Shiao-Wen Tsai, Wen-Xin Yu, Pai-An Hwang, Yu-Wei Hsu and Fu-Yin Hsu
Polymers 2019, 11(11), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111761 - 27 Oct 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3889
Abstract
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) membranes have been widely used in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR). In addition, hydroxyapatite is the major inorganic component and an essential composition of hard bone and teeth. Recently, numerous studies have demonstrated that strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHA) [...] Read more.
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) membranes have been widely used in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR). In addition, hydroxyapatite is the major inorganic component and an essential composition of hard bone and teeth. Recently, numerous studies have demonstrated that strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHA) not only enhances osteogenesis but also inhibits adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, SrHA incorporated into PCL could be an alternative material for GBR. In this study, strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite nanofibers (SrHANFs) were fabricated by a sol–gel route followed by electrospinning. We then fabricated PCL–SrHANF membranes as cell culture substrates and assessed the cellular behavior of osteoblast-like cells. Based on the observations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OCN) immunofluorescence staining, and Alizarin Red-S staining of cells cultured on the PCL–SrHANF and PCL membranes, we concluded that SrHANFs can promote the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast-like cells and that PCL–SrHANF membranes have potential for GBR applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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16 pages, 7583 KiB  
Article
Simonkolleite Coating on Poly(Amino Acids) to Improve Osteogenesis and Suppress Osteoclast Formation in Vitro
by Shuyang Li, Xingtao Chen, Xiaomei Wang, Yi Xiong, Yonggang Yan, Zhi Tan, Xiaoyu Yang and Yuanye Li
Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091505 - 16 Sep 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3168
Abstract
Zinc can enhance osteoblastic bone formation and stimulate osteogenic differentiation, suppress the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into osteoclasts, and inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, simonkolleite, as a novel zinc resource, was coated on poly (amino acids) [...] Read more.
Zinc can enhance osteoblastic bone formation and stimulate osteogenic differentiation, suppress the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into osteoclasts, and inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, simonkolleite, as a novel zinc resource, was coated on poly (amino acids) (PAA) via suspending PAA powder in different concentrations of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) solution, and the simonkolleite-coated PAA (Zn–PAA) was characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS. Zinc ions were continuously released from the coating, and the release behavior was dependent on both the concentration of the ZnCl2 immersing solution and the type of soak solutions (SBF, PBS and DMEM). The Zn–PAA was cultured with mouse bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) through TranswellTM plates, and the results indicated that the relative cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization of BMSCs were significantly higher with Zn–PAA as compared to PAA. Moreover, the Zn–PAA was cultured with RAW264.7 cells, and the results suggested an inhibiting effect of Zn–PAA on the cell differentiation into osteoclasts. In addition, Zn–PAA exhibited an antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli. These findings suggest that simonkolleite coating with certain contents could promote osteogenesis, suppress osteoclast formation and inhibit bacteria, indicating a novel way of enhancing the functionality of synthetic bone graft material and identifying the underline principles for designing zinc-containing bone grafts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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Review

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27 pages, 605 KiB  
Review
Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Bone Scaffolds Optimization
by Francesca Donnaloja, Emanuela Jacchetti, Monica Soncini and Manuela T. Raimondi
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040905 - 14 Apr 2020
Cited by 173 | Viewed by 9689
Abstract
Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone-related pathologies generate critical-size bone defects that our organism is not able to heal spontaneously and require a therapeutic [...] Read more.
Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone-related pathologies generate critical-size bone defects that our organism is not able to heal spontaneously and require a therapeutic action. Conventional therapies span from pharmacological to interventional methodologies, all of them characterized by several drawbacks. To circumvent these effects, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are innovative and promising approaches that exploit the capability of bone progenitors, especially mesenchymal stem cells, to differentiate into functional bone cells. So far, several materials have been tested in order to guarantee the specific requirements for bone tissue regeneration, ranging from the material biocompatibility to the ideal 3D bone-like architectural structure. In this review, we analyse the state-of-the-art of the most widespread polymeric scaffold materials and their application in in vitro and in vivo models, in order to evaluate their usability in the field of bone tissue engineering. Here, we will present several adopted strategies in scaffold production, from the different combination of materials, to chemical factor inclusion, embedding of cells, and manufacturing technology improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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