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Polymers
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Porous Polymer Micro- and Nano-Structures
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Porous Polymer Micro- and Nano-Structures

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Physics and Theory".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 22394

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Il Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Interests: polymer synthesis; polymerization catalysis; bionanotechnology; hyperbranched polymers; polypeptides; thermoplastic elastomers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the key challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology is the precise control of the morphology, dimensions, and functionality of nanostructures to fit distinctive application requirements. Thus far, much effort has been expended to achieve morphological control of porous organic frameworks with tunable structures and the desired distribution. For example, solution-phase-synthesized porous polymer spheres (PPSs) have attracted much research interest due to their potential utility as catalysts and in drug delivery, gas adsorption, and membrane applications. The major advantage of PPSs is the potential synthetic diversity that can be integrated into these organic polymer structures. Furthermore, the carbonization of PPSs produces carbonaceous spheres that can also be applied in electrical-related fields, such as sensors, super-capacitors, and batteries. Contributions to this Special Issue should preferably report the development of polymer-based porous polymer micro-/nano-structures and their potential applications to emerging technologies. Research articles, reviews, and communications are welcome.

Prof. Il Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • block copolymers;
  • cross-linked polymers;
  • hollow polymers;
  • polyaromatics;
  • polymer microparticles;
  • polymer nanoparticles;
  • porous carbon;
  • porous polymer particles;
  • self-assembly.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

8 pages, 1990 KiB  
Article
Mono-Dispersed Microspheres Locally Assembled on Porous Substrates Formed through a Microemulsion Approach
by Jianfeng Zhang, Shuxin Gong, Jiahang Zhu, Jiejing Zhang and Jing Liang
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040964 - 21 Apr 2020
Viewed by 2066
Abstract
A cost-effective, simple, and time-saving method to fabricate mono-dispersed periodic microsphere structures on substrates with patterned sites is very meaningful due to their significance on various biological studies. Herein, a simple and facile method to fabricate mono-dispersed microsphere arrays on porous substrates was [...] Read more.
A cost-effective, simple, and time-saving method to fabricate mono-dispersed periodic microsphere structures on substrates with patterned sites is very meaningful due to their significance on various biological studies. Herein, a simple and facile method to fabricate mono-dispersed microsphere arrays on porous substrates was developed. The mixture of polystyrene and an organic stabilizer solution which contains aqueous solution, fabricated through shaking, was applied to prepare microemulsion solution. An ordered porous structure was produced by spreading and evaporating the solvent of microemulsion on a glass slide, accompanied by the enrichment of didodecylamine in the cavities. The porous cavities were further modified with polyacrylic acid and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) which could immobilize the microspheres. The charged microspheres were incorporated into the cavities by an electrostatic interaction with the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. The positive polyelectrolytes with abundant charges as well as a suitable content and dimension of microspheres, ensured the formation of mono-dispersed and ordered arrays. Considering that other charged particles were universally suitable for the present strategy, the reported approach opened an efficient way for the preparation of microsphere-based materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Polymer Micro- and Nano-Structures)
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11 pages, 3113 KiB  
Article
Ferrocene-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers Derived from Yamamoto Coupling for Gas Storage and Dye Removal
by Zhiqiang Tan, Huimin Su, Yiwen Guo, Huan Liu, Bo Liao, Abid Muhammad Amin and Qingquan Liu
Polymers 2020, 12(3), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030719 - 24 Mar 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4546
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have conjugated skeleton and permanent porosity, and exhibit huge potential in developing novel functional materials for resolving the challenging energy and environment issues. Metal-containing CMPs often exhibited unique properties. In the present manuscript, ferrocene-based conjugated microporous polymers (FcCMPs) were [...] Read more.
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have conjugated skeleton and permanent porosity, and exhibit huge potential in developing novel functional materials for resolving the challenging energy and environment issues. Metal-containing CMPs often exhibited unique properties. In the present manuscript, ferrocene-based conjugated microporous polymers (FcCMPs) were designed and synthesized with 1,1′-dibromoferrocene and 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4- bromophenyl) porphyrin (FcCMP-1) or Tetra (p-bromophenyl) methane (FcCMP-2) as building units via Yamamoto coupling. FcCMPs were amorphous, and exhibited excellent thermal and physicochemical stability. The BET surface area of FcCMP-1 and FcCMP-2 was 638 m2/g and 422 m2/g, respectively. In comparison with FcCMP-2, FcCMP-1 displayed better gas storage capacity due to higher porosity. FcCMPs were also used as an adsorbent for removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution, and exhibited excellent adsorption properties due to the interaction between electron-rich conjugated structure of the polymers and methyl violet with cationic groups. Moreover, FcCMPs could be extracted and regenerated by an eluent and then re-used for high efficient removal of methyl violet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Polymer Micro- and Nano-Structures)
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22 pages, 5332 KiB  
Article
Physically Crosslinked Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Kappa-Carrageenan Hydrogels: Structure and Applications
by Catalin Croitoru, Mihai Alin Pop, Tibor Bedo, Mihaela Cosnita, Ionut Claudiu Roata and Iosif Hulka
Polymers 2020, 12(3), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030560 - 3 Mar 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6934
Abstract
This paper discusses the structure morphology and the thermal and swelling behavior of physically crosslinked hydrogels, obtained from applying four successive freezing–thawing cycles to poly (vinyl alcohol) blended with various amounts of κ-carrageenan. The addition of carrageenan in a weight ratio of 0.5 [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the structure morphology and the thermal and swelling behavior of physically crosslinked hydrogels, obtained from applying four successive freezing–thawing cycles to poly (vinyl alcohol) blended with various amounts of κ-carrageenan. The addition of carrageenan in a weight ratio of 0.5 determines a twofold increase in the swelling degree and the early diffusion coefficients of the hydrogels when immersed in distilled water, due to a decrease in the crystallinity of the polymer matrix. The diffusion of water into the polymer matrix could be considered as a relaxation-controlled transport (anomalous diffusion). The presence of the sulfate groups determines an increased affinity of the hydrogels towards crystal violet cationic dye. A maximum physisorption capacity of up to 121.4 mg/g for this dye was attained at equilibrium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Polymer Micro- and Nano-Structures)
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12 pages, 3287 KiB  
Article
Smart Microneedles with Porous Polymer Coatings for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery
by Asad Ullah, Haroon Khan, Hye Jin Choi and Gyu Man Kim
Polymers 2019, 11(11), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111834 - 7 Nov 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4517
Abstract
This work demonstrates a simple approach for coating a porous polymer layer on stainless-steel (SS) microneedles characterized by a pH-responsive formulation for self-regulated drug delivery. For many drug-delivery applications, the release of therapeutic agents in an acidic microenvironment is desirable. Acid-sensitive polymers and [...] Read more.
This work demonstrates a simple approach for coating a porous polymer layer on stainless-steel (SS) microneedles characterized by a pH-responsive formulation for self-regulated drug delivery. For many drug-delivery applications, the release of therapeutic agents in an acidic microenvironment is desirable. Acid-sensitive polymers and hydrogels were extensively explored, but easily prepared polymeric microcarriers that combine acid sensitivity and biodegradability are rare. Here, we describe a simple and robust method of coating a porous polymer layer on SS microneedles (MNs) that release a model drug (lidocaine) in a pH-responsive fashion. It was constructed by packing the model drug and a pH-sensitive component (sodium bicarbonate) into the pores of the polymer layer. When this acid-sensitive formulation was exposed to the acidic microenvironment, the consequent reaction of protons (H+) with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) yielded CO2. This effect generated pressure inside the pores of the coating and ruptured the thin polymer membrane, thereby releasing the encapsulated drug. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the pH-sensitive porous polymer-coated MNs exposed to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 were characterized by closed pores. However, MNs exposed to PBS at pH 5.5 consisted of open pores and the thin membrane burst. The in vitro studies demonstrated the pH sensitivity of the drug release from porous polymer-coated MNs. Negligible release was observed for MNs in receiving media at pH 7.4. In contrast, significant release occurred when the MNs were exposed to acidic conditions (pH 5.5). Additionally, comparable results were obtained for drug release in vitro in porcine skin and in PBS. This revealed that our developed pH-responsive porous polymer-coated MNs could potentially be used for the controlled release of drug formulations in an acidic environment. Moreover, the stimuli-responsive drug carriers will enable on-demand controlled release profiles that may enhance therapeutic effectiveness and reduce systemic toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Polymer Micro- and Nano-Structures)
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11 pages, 4850 KiB  
Article
Polyimide-Based PolyHIPEs Prepared via Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions
by In-Ho Song, Dong-Min Kim, Ju-Young Choi, Seung-Won Jin, Kyeong-Nam Nam, Hyeong-Joo Park and Chan-Moon Chung
Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091499 - 13 Sep 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3721
Abstract
Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) oligoimide particles and PMDA-ODA poly(amic acid) salt (PAAS) were synthesized and used as stabilizers to prepare oil-in-water Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The stability of the Pickering HIPEs was investigated by dispersion stability analysis. Polyimide-based polyHIPEs [...] Read more.
Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) oligoimide particles and PMDA-ODA poly(amic acid) salt (PAAS) were synthesized and used as stabilizers to prepare oil-in-water Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The stability of the Pickering HIPEs was investigated by dispersion stability analysis. Polyimide-based polyHIPEs could be prepared through freeze-drying and subsequent thermal imidization of the Pickering HIPEs. The characteristics of the polyHIPEs, including their morphology, porosity, thermal decomposition temperature, and compression modulus, were investigated. The thermal decomposition temperature (T10) of the polyHIPEs was very high (>530 °C), and their porosity was as high as 92%. The polyimide-based polyHIPEs have the potential to be used in high-temperature environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Polymer Micro- and Nano-Structures)
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