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Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography
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Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2018) | Viewed by 97377

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Michele Crosetto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Remote Sensing Department, Division of Geomatics, Av. Gauss, 7 E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
Interests: radar interferometry; persistent scatterer interferometry; ground-based SAR; deformation monitoring; real-aperture-radar; vibration monitoring
Dr. Oriol Monserrat

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Remote Sensing Department, Division of Geomatics, Av. Gauss, 7 E-08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: remote sensing data processing; SAR data; SAR interferometry; geohazards monitoring; landslide mapping; building monitoring; land subsidence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Alessandra Budillon

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Engineering Department, Universita' degli studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
Interests: statistical signal processing; SAR processing; SAR interferometry; SAR tomography; urban monitoring

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Our capability to monitor deformation using satellite-based SAR sensors has increased substantially in the last years, thanks to the availability of multiple SAR sensors and the development of several data processing and analysis procedures. This Special Issue is focused on the deformation monitoring in urban areas based on two techniques: Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and SAR tomography (TomoSAR). The Special Issue targets collecting the latest innovative research results related to at least one of the abovementioned techniques. These can include new data processing algorithms and procedures, results based on new types of SAR data, and the development of innovative urban deformation monitoring applications. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

·         New PSI algorithms for urban deformation monitoring,
·         PSI results based on new types of data, included polarimetric SAR data,
·         Persistent Scatterers and Distributed Scatterers in urban deformation monitoring,
·         Integration and fusion with data from multiple sources,
·         Development of innovative urban deformation monitoring PSI applications,
·         New TomoSAR algorithms for urban deformation monitoring,
·         TomoSAR results based on new types of data, including polarimetric SAR data,
·         Development of innovative urban deformation monitoring TomoSAR applications,
·         PSI and TomoSAR cross-comparison,
·         PSI and TomoSAR validation,
·         Assessment of PSI and TomoSAR performances for urban deformation monitoring, and
·         Review papers on PSI and TomoSAR for urban deformation monitoring.

Dr. Michele Crosetto
Dr. Oriol Monserrat
Dr. Alessandra Budillon
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar,
  • Differential Interferometric SAR,
  • Persistent Scatterer Interferometry,
  • SAR tomography,
  • Deformation monitoring,
  • Urban deformation monitoring,
  • Monitoring applications,
  • Cross-comparison,
  • Validation.

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for the Special Issue “Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR Tomography”
by Alessandra Budillon, Michele Crosetto and Oriol Monserrat
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(11), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111306 - 31 May 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2343
Abstract
This Special Issue hosts papers related to deformation monitoring in urban areas based on two main techniques: Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR). Several contributions highlight the capabilities of Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and PSI techniques for urban deformation [...] Read more.
This Special Issue hosts papers related to deformation monitoring in urban areas based on two main techniques: Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR). Several contributions highlight the capabilities of Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and PSI techniques for urban deformation monitoring. In this Special Issue, a wide range of InSAR and PSI applications are addressed. Some contributions show the advantages of TomoSAR in un-mixing multiple scatterers for urban mapping and monitoring. This issue includes a contribution that compares PSI and TomoSAR and another one that uses polarimetric data for TomoSAR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)

Research

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22 pages, 11568 KiB  
Article
How Groundwater Level Fluctuations and Geotechnical Properties Lead to Asymmetric Subsidence: A PSInSAR Analysis of Land Deformation over a Transit Corridor in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
by Mohammad Khorrami, Babak Alizadeh, Erfan Ghasemi Tousi, Mahyar Shakerian, Yasser Maghsoudi and Peyman Rahgozar
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(4), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040377 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6126
Abstract
Los Angeles has experienced ground deformations during the past decades. These ground displacements can be destructive for infrastructure and can reduce the land capacity for groundwater storage. Therefore, this paper seeks to evaluate the existing ground displacement patterns along a new metro tunnel [...] Read more.
Los Angeles has experienced ground deformations during the past decades. These ground displacements can be destructive for infrastructure and can reduce the land capacity for groundwater storage. Therefore, this paper seeks to evaluate the existing ground displacement patterns along a new metro tunnel in Los Angeles, known as the Sepulveda Transit Corridor. The goal is to find the most crucial areas suffering from subsidence or uplift and to enhance the previous reports in this metropolitan area. For this purpose, we applied a Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar using 29 Sentinel-1A acquisitions from June 2017 to May 2018 to estimate the deformation rate. The assessment procedure demonstrated a high rate of subsidence in the Inglewood field that is near the study area of the Sepulveda Transit Corridor with a maximum deformation rate of 30 mm/yr. Finally, data derived from in situ instruments as groundwater level variations, GPS observations, and soil properties were collected and analyzed to interpret the results. Investigation of geotechnical boreholes indicates layers of fine-grained soils in some parts of the area and this observation confirms the necessity of more detailed geotechnical investigations for future constructions in the region. Results of investigating line-of-sight displacement rates showed asymmetric subsidence along the corridor and hence we proposed a new framework to evaluate the asymmetric subsidence index that can help the designers and decision makers of the project to consider solutions to control the current subsidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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22 pages, 6373 KiB  
Article
Subsidence Zonation Through Satellite Interferometry in Coastal Plain Environments of NE Italy: A Possible Tool for Geological and Geomorphological Mapping in Urban Areas
by Mario Floris, Alessandro Fontana, Giulia Tessari and Mariachiara Mulè
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020165 - 16 Jan 2019
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4270
Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to test the use of multi-temporal differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) techniques as a tool for geological and geomorphological surveys in urban areas, where anthropogenic features often completely obliterate landforms and surficial deposits. In the [...] Read more.
The main aim of this paper is to test the use of multi-temporal differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) techniques as a tool for geological and geomorphological surveys in urban areas, where anthropogenic features often completely obliterate landforms and surficial deposits. In the last two decades, multi-temporal DInSAR techniques have been extensively applied to many topics of Geosciences, especially in geohazard analysis and risks assessment, but few attempts have been made in using differential subsidence for geological and geomorphological mapping. With this aim, interferometric data of an urbanized sector of the Venetian-Friulian Plain were considered. The data derive by permanent scatterers InSAR processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by ERS 1/2, ENVISAT, COSMO SKY-Med and Sentinel-1 missions from 1992 to 2017. The obtained velocity maps identify, with high accuracy, the border of a fluvial incised valley formed after the last glacial maximum (LGM) and filled by unconsolidated Holocene deposits. These consist of lagoon and fluvial sediments that are affected by a much higher subsidence than the surrounding LGM deposits forming the external plain. Displacement time-series of localized sectors inside the post-LGM incision allowed the causes of vertical movements to be explored, which consist of the consolidation of recent deposits, due to the loading of new structures and infrastructures, and the exploitation of the shallow phreatic aquifer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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17 pages, 14122 KiB  
Article
Measuring Urban Subsidence in the Rome Metropolitan Area (Italy) with Sentinel-1 SNAP-StaMPS Persistent Scatterer Interferometry
by José Manuel Delgado Blasco, Michael Foumelis, Chris Stewart and Andrew Hooper
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020129 - 11 Jan 2019
Cited by 122 | Viewed by 18167
Abstract
Land subsidence in urban environments is an increasingly prominent aspect in the monitoring and maintenance of urban infrastructures. In this study we update the subsidence information over Rome and its surroundings (already the subject of past research with other sensors) for the first [...] Read more.
Land subsidence in urban environments is an increasingly prominent aspect in the monitoring and maintenance of urban infrastructures. In this study we update the subsidence information over Rome and its surroundings (already the subject of past research with other sensors) for the first time using Copernicus Sentinel-1 data and open source tools. With this aim, we have developed a fully automatic processing chain for land deformation monitoring using the European Space Agency (ESA) SentiNel Application Platform (SNAP) and Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS). We have applied this automatic processing chain to more than 160 Sentinel-1A images over ascending and descending orbits to depict primarily the Line-Of-Sight ground deformation rates. Results of both geometries were then combined to compute the actual vertical motion component, which resulted in more than 2 million point targets, over their common area. Deformation measurements are in agreement with past studies over the city of Rome, identifying main subsidence areas in: (i) Fiumicino; (ii) along the Tiber River; (iii) Ostia and coastal area; (iv) Ostiense quarter; and (v) Tivoli area. Finally, post-processing of Persistent Scatterer Inteferometry (PSI) results, in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment, for the extraction of ground displacements on urban infrastructures (including road networks, buildings and bridges) is considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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23 pages, 29099 KiB  
Article
Using TSX/TDX Pursuit Monostatic SAR Stacks for PS-InSAR Analysis in Urban Areas
by Ziyun Wang, Timo Balz, Lu Zhang, Daniele Perissin and Mingsheng Liao
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010026 - 24 Dec 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4178
Abstract
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PS-InSAR) has become an indispensable tool for monitoring surface motion in urban environments. The interferometric configuration of PS-InSAR tends to mix topographic and deformation components in differential interferometric observations. When the upcoming constellation missions such as, e.g., TanDEM-L or TWIN-L [...] Read more.
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PS-InSAR) has become an indispensable tool for monitoring surface motion in urban environments. The interferometric configuration of PS-InSAR tends to mix topographic and deformation components in differential interferometric observations. When the upcoming constellation missions such as, e.g., TanDEM-L or TWIN-L provide new standard operating modes, bi-static stacks for deformation monitoring will be more commonly available in the near future. In this paper, we present an analysis of the applicability of such data sets for urban monitoring, using a stack of pursuit monostatic data obtained during the scientific testing phase of the TanDEM-X (TDX) mission. These stacks are characterized by extremely short temporal baselines between the TerraSAR-X (TSX) and TanDEM-X acquisitions at the same interval. We evaluate the advantages of this acquisition mode for urban deformation monitoring with several of the available acquisition pairs. Our proposed method exploits the special properties of this data using a modified processing chain based on the standard PS-InSAR deformation monitoring procedure. We test our approach with a TSX/TDX mono-static pursuit stack over Guangzhou, using both the proposed method and the standard deformation monitoring procedure, and compare the two results. The performance of topographic and deformation estimation is improved by using the proposed processing method, especially regarding high-rise buildings, given the quantitative statistic on temporal coherence, detectable numbers, as well as the PS point density of persistent scatters points, among which the persistent scatter numbers increased by 107.2% and the detectable height span increased by 78% over the standard processing results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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21 pages, 9451 KiB  
Article
Super-Resolution Multi-Look Detection in SAR Tomography
by Cosmin Dănișor, Gianfranco Fornaro, Antonio Pauciullo, Diego Reale and Mihai Datcu
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(12), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121894 - 27 Nov 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4607
Abstract
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR) allows extending the 2-D focusing capabilities of SAR to the elevation direction, orthogonal to the azimuth and range. The multi-dimensional extension (along the time) also enables the monitoring of possible scatterer displacements. A key aspect of TomoSAR [...] Read more.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR) allows extending the 2-D focusing capabilities of SAR to the elevation direction, orthogonal to the azimuth and range. The multi-dimensional extension (along the time) also enables the monitoring of possible scatterer displacements. A key aspect of TomoSAR is the identification, in the presence of noise, of multiple persistent scatterers interfering within the same 2-D (azimuth range plane) pixel. To this aim, the use of multi-look has been shown to provide tangible improvements in the detection of single and double interfering persistent scatterers at the expense of a minor spatial resolution loss. Depending on the system acquisition characteristics, this operation may require also the detection of multiple scatterers interfering at distances lower than the Rayleigh resolution (super-resolution). In this work we further investigated the use of multi-look in TomoSAR for the detection of multiple scatterers located also below the Rayleigh resolution. A solution relying on the Capon filtering was first analyzed, due to its improved capabilities in the separation of the responses of multiple scatterers and sidelobe suppression. Moreover, in the framework of the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT), the single-look support based detection strategy recently proposed in the literature was extended to the multi-look case. Experimental results of tests carried out on two datasets acquired by TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMED sensors are provided to show the performances of the proposed solution as well as the effects of the baseline span of the dataset for the detection capabilities of interfering scatterers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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13 pages, 3131 KiB  
Article
A Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Procedure Based on Stable Areas to Filter the Atmospheric Component
by Michele Crosetto, Núria Devanthéry, Oriol Monserrat, Anna Barra, María Cuevas-González, Marek Mróz, Joan Botey-Bassols, Enric Vázquez-Suñé and Bruno Crippa
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111780 - 10 Nov 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2880
Abstract
This paper describes a Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) procedure to monitor the land deformation in an urban area induced by aquifer dewatering and the consequent drawdown of the water table. The procedure, based on Sentinel-1 data, is illustrated considering the construction works of [...] Read more.
This paper describes a Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) procedure to monitor the land deformation in an urban area induced by aquifer dewatering and the consequent drawdown of the water table. The procedure, based on Sentinel-1 data, is illustrated considering the construction works of Glories Square, Barcelona (Spain). The study covers a period from March 2015 to November 2017, which includes a dewatering event in spring 2017. This paper describes the proposed procedure, whose most original part includes the estimation of the atmospheric phase component using stable areas located in the vicinity of the monitoring area. The performances of the procedure are analysed, characterising the original atmospheric phase component and the residual one that remains after modelling the atmospheric contribution. This procedure can work with any type of deformation phenomena, provided that its spatial extension is sufficiently small. The quality of the obtained time series is illustrated discussing different deformation results, including a validation result using piezometric data and a thermal expansion case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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18 pages, 8584 KiB  
Article
Displacement Monitoring and Health Evaluation of Two Bridges Using Sentinel-1 SAR Images
by Qihuan Huang, Oriol Monserrat, Michele Crosetto, Bruno Crippa, Yian Wang, Jianfeng Jiang and Youliang Ding
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111714 - 30 Oct 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4460
Abstract
Displacement monitoring of large bridges is an important source of information concerning their health state. In this paper, a procedure based on satellite Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data is presented to assess bridge health. The proposed approach periodically assesses the displacements of a [...] Read more.
Displacement monitoring of large bridges is an important source of information concerning their health state. In this paper, a procedure based on satellite Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data is presented to assess bridge health. The proposed approach periodically assesses the displacements of a bridge in order to detect abnormal displacements at any position of the bridge. To demonstrate its performances, the displacement characteristics of two bridges, the Nanjing-Dashengguan High-speed Railway Bridge (NDHRB, 1272 m long) and the Nanjing-Yangtze River Bridge (NYRB, 1576-m long), are studied. For this purpose, two independent Sentinel-1 SAR datasets were used, covering a two-year period with 75 and 66 images, respectively, providing very similar results. During the observed period, the two bridges underwent no actual displacements: thermal dilation displacements were dominant. For NDHRB, the total thermal dilation parameter from the PSI analysis was computed using the two different datasets; the difference of the two computations was 0.09 mm/°C, which, assuming a temperature variation of 30 °C, corresponds to a discrepancy of 2.7 mm over the total bridge length. From the total thermal dilation parameters, the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) were calculated, which were 11.26 × 10−6/°C and 11.19 × 10−6/°C, respectively. These values match the bridge metal properties. For NYRB, the estimated CTE was 10.46 × 10−6/°C, which also matches the bridge metal properties (11.26 × 10−6/°C). Based on a statistical analysis of the PSI topographic errors of NDHRB, pixels on the bridge deck were selected, and displacement models covering the entire NDHRB were established using the two track datasets; the model was validated on the six piers with an absolute mean error of 0.25 mm/°C. Finally, the health state of NDHRB was evaluated with four more images using the estimated models, and no abnormal displacements were found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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25 pages, 8428 KiB  
Article
Multi-Sensor InSAR Analysis of Progressive Land Subsidence over the Coastal City of Urayasu, Japan
by Yusupujiang Aimaiti, Fumio Yamazaki and Wen Liu
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(8), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081304 - 18 Aug 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6829
Abstract
In earthquake-prone areas, identifying patterns of ground deformation is important before they become latent risk factors. As one of the severely damaged areas due to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, Urayasu City in Chiba Prefecture has been suffering from land subsidence as [...] Read more.
In earthquake-prone areas, identifying patterns of ground deformation is important before they become latent risk factors. As one of the severely damaged areas due to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, Urayasu City in Chiba Prefecture has been suffering from land subsidence as a part of its land was built by a massive land-fill project. To investigate the long-term land deformation patterns in Urayasu City, three sets of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired during 1993–2006 from European Remote Sensing satellites (ERS-1/-2 (C-band)), during 2006–2010 from the Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar onboard the Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS PALSAR (L-band)) and from 2014–2017 from the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 (L-band) were processed by using multitemporal interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques. Leveling survey data were also used to verify the accuracy of the InSAR-derived results. The results from the ERS-1/-2, ALOS PALSAR and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data processing showed continuing subsidence in several reclaimed areas of Urayasu City due to the integrated effects of numerous natural and anthropogenic processes. The maximum subsidence rate of the period from 1993 to 2006 was approximately 27 mm/year, while the periods from 2006 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2017 were approximately 30 and 18 mm/year, respectively. The quantitative validation results of the InSAR-derived deformation trend during the three observation periods are consistent with the leveling survey data measured from 1993 to 2017. Our results further demonstrate the advantages of InSAR measurements as an alternative to ground-based measurements for land subsidence monitoring in coastal reclaimed areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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26 pages, 16213 KiB  
Article
SAR Tomography as an Add-On to PSI: Detection of Coherent Scatterers in the Presence of Phase Instabilities
by Muhammad Adnan Siddique, Urs Wegmüller, Irena Hajnsek and Othmar Frey
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(7), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071014 - 25 Jun 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4346
Abstract
The estimation of deformation parameters using persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) is limited to single dominant coherent scatterers. As such, it rejects layovers wherein multiple scatterers are interfering in the same range-azimuth resolution cell. Differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography can improve deformation sampling [...] Read more.
The estimation of deformation parameters using persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) is limited to single dominant coherent scatterers. As such, it rejects layovers wherein multiple scatterers are interfering in the same range-azimuth resolution cell. Differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography can improve deformation sampling as it has the ability to resolve layovers by separating the interfering scatterers. In this way, both PSI and tomography inevitably require a means to detect coherent scatterers, i.e., to perform hypothesis testing to decide whether a given candidate scatterer is coherent. This paper reports the application of a detection strategy in the context of “tomography as an add-on to PSI”. As the performance of a detector is typically linked to the statistical description of the underlying mathematical model, we investigate how the statistics of the phase instabilities in the PSI analysis are carried forward to the subsequent tomographic analysis. While phase instabilities in PSI are generally modeled as an additive noise term in the interferometric phase model, their impact in SAR tomography manifests as a multiplicative disturbance. The detection strategy proposed in this paper allows extending the same quality considerations as used in the prior PSI processing (in terms of the dispersion of the residual phase) to the subsequent tomographic analysis. In particular, the hypothesis testing for the detection of coherent scatterers is implemented such that the expected probability of false alarm is consistent between PSI and tomography. The investigation is supported with empirical analyses on an interferometric data stack comprising 50 TerraSAR-X acquisitions in stripmap mode, over the city of Barcelona, Spain, from 2007–2012. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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23 pages, 65641 KiB  
Article
A Methodology to Detect and Characterize Uplift Phenomena in Urban Areas Using Sentinel-1 Data
by Roberta Bonì, Alberto Bosino, Claudia Meisina, Alessandro Novellino, Luke Bateson and Harry McCormack
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(4), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10040607 - 14 Apr 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6866
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology to exploit the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) time series acquired by Sentinel-1 sensors for the detection and characterization of uplift phenomena in urban areas. The methodology has been applied to the Tower Hamlets Council area of London (United [...] Read more.
This paper presents a methodology to exploit the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) time series acquired by Sentinel-1 sensors for the detection and characterization of uplift phenomena in urban areas. The methodology has been applied to the Tower Hamlets Council area of London (United Kingdom) using Sentinel-1 data covering the period 2015–2017. The test area is a representative high-urbanized site affected by geohazards due to natural processes such as compaction of recent deposits, and also anthropogenic causes due to groundwater management and engineering works. The methodology has allowed the detection and characterization of a 5 km2 area recording average uplift rates of 7 mm/year and a maximum rate of 18 mm/year in the period May 2015–March 2017. Furthermore, the analysis of the Sentinel-1 time series highlights that starting from August 2016 uplift rates began to decrease. A comparison between the uplift rates and urban developments as well as geological, geotechnical, and hydrogeological factors suggests that the ground displacements occur in a particular geological context and are mainly attributed to the swelling of clayey soils. The detected uplift could be attributed to a transient effect of the groundwater rebound after completion of dewatering works for the recent underground constructions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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18 pages, 13614 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Secular Ground Motions in Istanbul from a Long-Term InSAR Time-Series (1992–2017)
by Gokhan Aslan, Ziyadin Cakır, Semih Ergintav, Cécile Lasserre and François Renard
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030408 - 06 Mar 2018
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 7876
Abstract
The identification and measurement of ground deformations in urban areas is of great importance for determining the vulnerable parts of the cities that are prone to geohazards, which is a crucial element of both sustainable urban planning and hazard mitigation. Interferometric synthetic aperture [...] Read more.
The identification and measurement of ground deformations in urban areas is of great importance for determining the vulnerable parts of the cities that are prone to geohazards, which is a crucial element of both sustainable urban planning and hazard mitigation. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series analysis is a very powerful tool for the operational mapping of ground deformation related to urban subsidence and landslide phenomena. With an analysis spanning almost 25 years of satellite radar observations, we compute an InSAR time series of data from multiple satellites (European Remote Sensing satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2, Envisat, Sentinel-1A, and its twin sensor Sentinel-1B) in order to investigate the spatial extent and rate of ground deformation in the megacity of Istanbul. By combining the various multi-track InSAR datasets (291 images in total) and analysing persistent scatterers (PS-InSAR), we present mean velocity maps of ground surface displacement in selected areas of Istanbul. We identify several sites along the terrestrial and coastal regions of Istanbul that underwent vertical ground subsidence at varying rates, from 5 ± 1.2 mm/yr to 15 ± 2.1 mm/yr. The results reveal that the most distinctive subsidence patterns are associated with both anthropogenic factors and relatively weak lithologies along the Haramirede valley in particular, where the observed subsidence is up to 10 ± 2 mm/yr. We show that subsidence has been occurring along the Ayamama river stream at a rate of up to 10 ± 1.8 mm/yr since 1992, and has also been slowing down over time following the restoration of the river and stream system. We also identify subsidence at a rate of 8 ± 1.2 mm/yr along the coastal region of Istanbul, which we associate with land reclamation, as well as a very localised subsidence at a rate of 15 ± 2.3 mm/yr starting in 2016 around one of the highest skyscrapers of Istanbul, which was built in 2010. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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18 pages, 8319 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Characterization of a Reclamation Settlement in the Shanghai Coastal Area with Time Series Analyses of X-, C-, and L-Band SAR Datasets
by Mengshi Yang, Tianliang Yang, Lu Zhang, Jinxin Lin, Xiaoqiong Qin and Mingsheng Liao
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020329 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 5370
Abstract
Large-scale reclamation projects during the past decades have been recognized as one of the driving factors behind land subsidence in coastal areas. However, the pattern of temporal evolution in reclamation settlements has rarely been analyzed. In this work, we study the spatio-temporal evolution [...] Read more.
Large-scale reclamation projects during the past decades have been recognized as one of the driving factors behind land subsidence in coastal areas. However, the pattern of temporal evolution in reclamation settlements has rarely been analyzed. In this work, we study the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of Linggang New City (LNC) in Shanghai, China, using space-borne synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) methods. Three data stacks including 11 X-band TerraSAR-X, 20 L-band ALOS PALSAR, and 35 C-band ENVISAT ASAR images were used to retrieve time series deformation from 2007 to 2010 in the LNC. An InSAR analysis from the three data stacks displays strong agreement in mean deformation rates, with coefficients of determination of about 0.9 and standard deviations for inter-stack differences of less than 4 mm/y. Meanwhile, validations with leveling data indicate that all the three data stacks achieved millimeter-level accuracies. The spatial distribution and temporal evolution of deformation in the LNC as indicated by these InSAR analysis results relates to historical reclamation activities, geological features, and soil mechanisms. This research shows that ground deformation in the LNC after reclamation projects experienced three distinct phases: primary consolidation, a slight rebound, and plateau periods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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28660 KiB  
Article
Wuhan Surface Subsidence Analysis in 2015–2016 Based on Sentinel-1A Data by SBAS-InSAR
by Lv Zhou, Jiming Guo, Jiyuan Hu, Jiangwei Li, Yongfeng Xu, Yuanjin Pan and Miao Shi
Remote Sens. 2017, 9(10), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9100982 - 22 Sep 2017
Cited by 116 | Viewed by 8692
Abstract
The Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans (TOPS) acquisition mode of Sentinel-1A provides a wide coverage per acquisition and features a repeat cycle of 12 days, making this acquisition mode attractive for surface subsidence monitoring. A few studies have analyzed wide-coverage surface subsidence of [...] Read more.
The Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans (TOPS) acquisition mode of Sentinel-1A provides a wide coverage per acquisition and features a repeat cycle of 12 days, making this acquisition mode attractive for surface subsidence monitoring. A few studies have analyzed wide-coverage surface subsidence of Wuhan based on Sentinel-1A data. In this study, we investigated wide-area surface subsidence characteristics in Wuhan using 15 Sentinel-1A TOPS Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired from 11 April 2015 to 29 April 2016 with the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric SAR (SBAS InSAR) technique. The Sentinel-1A SBAS InSAR results were validated by 110 leveling points at an accuracy of 6 mm/year. Based on the verified SBAS InSAR results, prominent uneven subsidence patterns were identified in Wuhan. Specifically, annual average subsidence rates ranged from −82 mm/year to 18 mm/year in Wuhan, and maximum subsidence rate was detected in Houhu areas. Surface subsidence time series presented nonlinear subsidence with pronounced seasonal variations. Comparative analysis of surface subsidence and influencing factors (i.e., urban construction, precipitation, industrial development, carbonate karstification and water level changes in Yangtze River) indicated a relatively high spatial correlation between locations of subsidence bowl and those of engineering construction and industrial areas. Seasonal variations in subsidence were correlated with water level changes and precipitation. Surface subsidence in Wuhan was mainly attributed to anthropogenic activities, compressibility of soil layer, carbonate karstification, and groundwater overexploitation. Finally, the spatial-temporal characteristics of wide-area surface subsidence and the relationship between surface subsidence and influencing factors in Wuhan were determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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14 pages, 10364 KiB  
Letter
Urban Tomographic Imaging Using Polarimetric SAR Data
by Alessandra Budillon, Angel Caroline Johnsy and Gilda Schirinzi
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(2), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020132 - 11 Jan 2019
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4070
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the potential of polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) tomography (Pol-TomoSAR) in urban applications. TomoSAR exploits the amplitude and phase of the received data and offers the possibility to resolve multiple scatters lying in the same range–azimuth resolution cell. [...] Read more.
In this paper, we investigate the potential of polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) tomography (Pol-TomoSAR) in urban applications. TomoSAR exploits the amplitude and phase of the received data and offers the possibility to resolve multiple scatters lying in the same range–azimuth resolution cell. In urban environments, this issue is very important since layover causes multiple coherent scatterers to be mapped in the same range–azimuth image pixel. To achieve reliable and accurate results, TomoSAR requires a large number of multi-baseline acquisitions which, for satellite-borne SAR systems, are collected with long time intervals. Then, accurate tomographic reconstructions would require multiple scatterers to remain stable between all the acquisitions. In this paper, an extension of a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT)-based tomographic approach, denoted as Fast-Sup-GLRT, to the polarimetric data case is introduced, with the purpose of investigating if, in urban applications, the use of polarimetric channels allows for reduction of the number of baselines required to achieve a given scatterer’s detection performance. The results presented show that the use of dual polarization data allows the proposed detector to work in an equivalent or better way than use of a double number of independent single polarization channels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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14 pages, 8066 KiB  
Letter
Comparison of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR Tomography Using Sentinel-1 in Urban Environment
by Alessandra Budillon, Michele Crosetto, Angel Caroline Johnsy, Oriol Monserrat, Vrinda Krishnakumar and Gilda Schirinzi
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(12), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121986 - 08 Dec 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4340
Abstract
In this paper, persistent scatterer interferometry and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) tomography have been applied to Sentinel-1 data for urban monitoring. The paper analyses the applicability of SAR tomography to Sentinel-1 data, which is not granted, due to the reduced range and azimuth [...] Read more.
In this paper, persistent scatterer interferometry and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) tomography have been applied to Sentinel-1 data for urban monitoring. The paper analyses the applicability of SAR tomography to Sentinel-1 data, which is not granted, due to the reduced range and azimuth resolutions and the low resolution in elevation. In a first part of the paper, two implementations of the two techniques are described. In the experimental part, the two techniques are used in parallel to process the same Sentinel-1 data over two test areas. An intercomparison of the results from persistent scatterer interferometry and SAR tomography is carried out, comparing the main parameters estimated by the two techniques. Finally, the paper addresses the complementarity of the two techniques, and in particular it assesses the increase of measurement density that can be achieved by adding the double scatterers from SAR tomography to the persistent scatterer interferometry measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography)
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