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Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients

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A special issue of Separations (ISSN 2297-8739). This special issue belongs to the section "Analysis of Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 35248

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Prof. Ernesto Reverchon

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Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: supercritical fluids assisted processes; food engineering; chemical plant design; combustion; supercritical extraction; supercritical micronization; supercritical phase inversion; supercritical electrospinning; supercritical drying
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Dear Colleagues,

The extraction of active ingredients from vegetable matter is one of the most attractive research fields in the literature. A perspective that promotes this large interest is the possibility of identifying ecofriendly and innovative processes, active products and materials. However, care must be taken in selecting process arrangements and extraction conditions to minimize the coextraction of undesired compounds. The analysis of the composition of extracted compounds by chromatography, mass spectrometry and related techniques is a relevant step in determining the performance of the extraction process and the purity of the extracted compounds to be used for pharmaceutical applications.

Therefore, it is my pleasure to invite you to contribute your research article, communication, or review to this Special Issue dedicated to extraction processes, modelling and analytical techniques for the identification of active compounds extracted from vegetable matter.

Prof. Ernesto Reverchon
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Separations is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

Extraction
Fractionation
Active principles
Vegetable matter
Gas chromatography
HPLC and related techniques
Modelling
Pharmaceutical application
Nutraceutical application

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients

by Ernesto Reverchon and Lucia Baldino

Separations 2023, 10(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10070383 - 29 Jun 2023

Viewed by 789

Abstract

The extraction of active ingredients from vegetable matter is one of the most attractive research fields in the literature [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

Research

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11 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Achillea fragrantissima Essential Oil: Composition and Detailed Pharmacodynamics Study of the Bronchodilator Activity

by Najeeb Ur Rehman, Mohammad Ayman A. Salkini, Hatem M. K. Alanizi, Abdulrahman G. Alharbi, Mohammed H. Alqarni and Maged S. Abdel-Kader

Separations 2022, 9(11), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9110334 - 01 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1386

Abstract

The bronchodilator effect of the Achillea fragrantissima essential oil (AFO) was studied in guinea pigs’ tracheas and the influence of drying on the quantity and composition of AFO was studied using GC-MS and GC analyses. AFO produced a complete and potent relaxation against carbachol (CCh), while lower potency and partial efficacy were observed against high K⁺ (80 mM), thus producing dual inhibitory effects similar to dicyclomine. The anticholinergic-like action was further confirmed when pre-incubation tracheal tissues were used at lower concentrations with AFO displacing the CCh concentration‒response curves (CRCs) to the right in a competitive manner similar to atropine. However, non-parallel shifts in CCh CRCs were observed with higher doses, similar to dicyclomine. Further confirmation of the CCB-like effect was obtained from the non-specific deflection of Ca⁺⁺ CRCs toward the right using the pre-incubated tissues with AFO in Ca⁺⁺ free medium, similar to verapamil. When AFO was tested against low K⁺-mediated contractions to explore the possible involvement of additional antispasmodic mechanism(s), AFO interestingly showed a complete inhibition with a higher potency. This inhibition was found to be sensitive to tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), whereas glibenclamide (Gb) remained inactive. These results show that AFO possesses bronchodilator effects predominantly from its anticholinergic and K⁺ channel activation followed by weak Ca⁺⁺ channels inhibition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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19 pages, 9974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Removal of Eriochrome Black T Dye Using Activated Carbon of Waste Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Grown in Northern Morocco Enhanced by New Mathematical Models

by Fouad El Mansouri, Guillermo Pelaz, Antonio Morán, Joaquim C. G. Esteves Da Silva, Francesco Cacciola, Hammadi El Farissi, Hatim Tayeq, Mohammed Hassani Zerrouk and Jamal Brigui

Separations 2022, 9(10), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9100283 - 03 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2327

Abstract

In the present work, the adsorption behavior of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) on waste hemp activated carbon (WHAC) was examined. The surface of the WHAC was modified by H₃PO₄ acid treatment. The surface and structural characterization of the adsorbents was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The effect of influential adsorption parameters (pH, contact time, dosage, and initial concentration) on the adsorption of EBT onto WHAC was examined in batch experiments; some adsorption parameters such as pH, concentration and dose were improved by new mathematical models. The adsorption behavior of EBT on the surfaces of WHAC was evaluated by applying different isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich) to equilibrium data. The adsorption kinetics was studied by using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle models on the model. Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. The maximum removal of EBT was found to be 44–62.08% by WHAC at pH = 7, adsorbent dose of 10–70 mg, contact time of 3 h and initial dye concentration of 10 mg.L⁻¹. The maximum adsorption capacities were 14.025 mg.g⁻¹ obtained by calculating according to the Langmuir model, while the maximum removal efficiency was obtained at 70 mg equal to 62.08% for the WHAC. The adsorption process is physical in the monolayer and multilayer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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10 pages, 3597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wound Healing Potential of Commiphora gileadensis Stems Essential Oil and Chloroform Extract

by Hassan N. Althurwi, Mohammad Ayman A. Salkini, Gamal A. Soliman, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Elmutasim O. Ibnouf and Maged S. Abdel-Kader

Separations 2022, 9(9), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090254 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1937

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) prepared from the fresh and dried stems of Commiphora gileadensis were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Although the components were closely similar, the amount of oil decreased from 2.23 to 1.77% upon drying. Both samples showed equal potencies in the antimicrobial testing. The chloroform extract (CE) of the fresh stems with reported antimicrobial activity was compared with the EO sample of the fresh stems for wound healing potential. For the wound healing assay, 11 mm-diameter full-thickness skin excision wounds were made on the backs of four groups of rats (n = 6). The negative control group I was treated with the cream base. Group II was treated with 2% Fucidin cream, which served as a reference, and groups III and IV were treated with 1% EO- and 3% CE-containing creams, respectively. Treatments were applied topically one time daily. The wound healing potential was evaluated by recording the wound contraction percentages, epithelialization period, and histopathological changes of wounds. The topical application of CE significantly promoted the healing of wounds in rats. The effectiveness was demonstrated through the speed of wound contraction and the shortening of the epithelialization period in an animal treated with CE cream when compared to the NC group. Histopathological studies of the CE cream-treated group also expressed the effectiveness of CE in improving the wound healing process. These findings suggested that CE cream can enhance the process of wound healing in rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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8 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecofriendly Validated RP-HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of the Bioactive Sesquiterpene Coumarins Feselol and Samarcandin in Five Ferula Species Using Green Solvents

by Maged S. Abdel-Kader, Mohammed H. Alqarni, Sura Baykan, Bintug Oztürk, Mohammad Ayman A. Salkini, Hasan S. Yusufoglu, Prawez Alam and Ahmed I. Foudah

Separations 2022, 9(8), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9080206 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1403

Abstract

An environmentally friendly unreported rapid and simple reverse-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC) has been designed for the simultaneous determination of bioactive sesquiterpene coumarins feselol and samarcandin in the methanol extract of five Ferula species. The method was developed using glass plates coated with RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S and a green solvent system of ethanol–water mixture (8:2 v/v) as mobile phase. After development, the plates were quantified densitometrically at 254 for feselol and samarcandin. Feselol and samarcandin peaks from methanol extract of five Ferula species were identified by comparing their single band at Rf = 0.43 ± 0.02 and Rf = 0.60 ± 0.01, respectively. Valid linear relationships between the peak areas and concentrations of feselol and samarcandin in the range of 1000–7000 ng/band respectively were obtained. The method was subjected to the validation criteria of the international conference on harmonization (ICH) for precision, accuracy, and robustness. The new method provides an analytical tool to enumerate the therapeutic doses of feselol and samarcandin in herbal formulations and/or crude drugs. The obtained results indicated that F. drudeana was the richest species in the more active samarcandin, with 0.573% w/w, while F. duranii had the largest quantity of the less active feselol, 0.813% w/w. F. drudeana was superior to the other species in the sum of the two active compounds, 1.4552% w/w, and was consequently expected to be the most active aphrodisiac among the five studied species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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12 pages, 1039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Curcumin I, Curcumin II and Curcumin III in Curcuma longa and Herbal Formulation

by Maged S. Abdel-Kader, Ayman A. Salkini, Prawez Alam, Khaled A. Alshahrani, Ahmed I. Foudah and Mohammed H. Alqarni

Separations 2022, 9(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9040094 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3182

Abstract

Curcuma longa (turmeric) has traditionally been used in Ayurvedic, Unani and herbal drugs to cure numerous ailments. Due to the high demand, the quantitative standardization of herbal products is challenging to maintain their quality. We aim to develop a rapid, sensitive and validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous determination and quantification of curcumin I, curcumin II and curcumin III in C. longa and herbal formulation. The three standards were separated using centrifugal preparative thin-layer chromatography (CPTLC) silica gel and identified by different spectroscopic methods. The developed HPTLC method was validated by following ICH guidelines (linearity; limit of detection, LOD; limit of quantitation; accuracy; precision; and robustness). The calibration curves of both the compounds were linear (50–500 ng/spot), with a correlation coefficient (r²) of >999. The developed HPTLC method was effectively applied to the concurrent detection and quantification of curcumins I–III in fresh, dry rhizomes and the herbal formulation of C. longa extracts was obtained by hot and cold extraction methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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9 pages, 3435 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Fractional Separation and Characterization of Cuticular Waxes Extracted from Vegetable Matter Using Supercritical CO₂

by Mariarosa Scognamiglio, Lucia Baldino and Ernesto Reverchon

Separations 2022, 9(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9030080 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2259

Abstract

Cuticular waxes can be used in high-value applications, including cosmetics, foods and nutraceuticals, among the others. The extraction process determines their quality and purity that are of particular interest when biocompatibility, biodegradability, flavor and fragrance are the main features required for the final formulations. This study demonstrated that supercritical fluid extraction coupled with fractional separation can represent a suitable alternative to isolate cuticular waxes from vegetable matter that preserve their natural properties and composition, without contamination of organic solvent residues. Operating in this way, cuticular waxes can be considered as a fingerprint of the vegetable matter, where C₂₇, C₂₉ and C₃₁ are the most abundant compounds that characterize the material; the differences are mainly due to their relative proportions and the presence of hydrocarbon compounds possessing other functional groups, such as alcohols, aldehydes or acids. Therefore, selectivity of supercritical fluid extraction towards non-polar or slightly polar compounds opens the way for a possible industrial approach to produce extracts that do not require further purification steps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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16 pages, 3165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Identification of Bioactive Compositions in Leaves of Morus Cultivars Using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Comprehensive Screening of High-Quality Resources

by Xiang-Yue Zou, Ying-Jie He, Yi-Hui Yang, Xin-Pei Yan, Zhang-Bao Li and Hua Yang

Separations 2022, 9(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9030076 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Morus spp. leaves (MSLs) show various beneficial effects in the treatment of metabolic-related diseases, which have created a growing interest in MSL development as dietary supplements and functional foods. The illustration of chemical compositions and screening of high-quality MSL resources are therefore necessary for further application. This study developed a new UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS strategy of in-source collision-induced dissociation (IS-CID) and target collision-cell CID (TCC-CID) to quickly capture analogues with consistent skeleton, and combined global natural product social molecular networking (GNPS) to efficiently annotate bioactive phytochemicals in MSLs. For the results, 49 bioactive ingredients, including quercetin-type flavonoids, kaempferol-type flavonoids, chlorogenic acid isomers, 1-deoxynojirimycin, γ-aminobutyric acid, amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids, were systematically identified in MSLs for the first time. Quantification for the typical components was simultaneously carried out in MSLs of 90 Morus resources collected from different locations. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and chlorogenic acid showed high variable importance in the project (VIP > 1) that were significant constituents for the differences between MSL species. Then, high-quality MSLs were comprehensively screened in multiple Morus cultivars based on the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method. This study presented an efficient strategy to annotate bioactive compounds, revealed the difference of bioactive components in MSLs, and provided important information for the high-value production of Morus cultivars in food and supplement fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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17 pages, 3798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DES Based Efficient Extraction Method for Bioactive Coumarins from Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav.

by Ting Wang and Qian Li

Separations 2022, 9(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9010005 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2824

Abstract

In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly method was developed for the extraction of seven active coumarins from Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav.(A. dahurica) based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Among the 16 kinds of DES based on choline chloride, the DES system with the molar ratio of choline chloride, citric acid, and water as 1:1:2 had the best extraction effect. Ultrasonic-assisted response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the optimal extraction scheme. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were a liquid–solid ratio of 10:1 (mL/g), an extraction time of 50 min, an extraction temperature of 59.85 °C, and a moisture content of 49.28%. Under these conditions, the extraction yield reached 1.18%. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the degree of powder fragmentation before and after extraction with different solvents. The cells of A. dahurica medicinal materials obtained by DES ultrasonic-assisted treatment were the most seriously broken, indicating that DES had the highest efficiency in the treatment of A. dahurica. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) DPPH radical scavenging model was used to evaluate the biological activity of DES extract. The results showed that DES extract had better scavenging ability of DPPH free radical. Therefore, DES is a green solvent suitable for extracting coumarin compounds of A. dahurica, with great potential to replace organic solvents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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8 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What You Extract Is What You Get: Different Methods of Protein Extraction from Hemp Seeds

by Annalisa Givonetti, Chiara Cattaneo and Maria Cavaletto

Separations 2021, 8(12), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8120231 - 02 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4184

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. seeds are rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and highly digestible proteins, with a good nutritional value. Proteomics studies on hempseed reported so far have mainly been conducted on processed seeds and, to our knowledge, no optimization of protein extraction from hemp seeds has been performed. This study investigates the SDS-PAGE profile of hempseed proteins comparing different methods of extraction, (Osborne sequential extraction, TCA/acetone, MTBE/methanol, direct protein solubilization of defatted hempseed flour), two conditions to keep low temperature during seed grinding (liquid nitrogen or ice) and two solubilization buffers (urea-based or Laemmli buffer). Among the tested conditions, the combination of liquid nitrogen + TCA/acetone + Laemmli buffer was not compatible with SDS-PAGE of proteins. On the other hand, urea-based buffer achieved more reproducible results if combined with all the other conditions. TCA/acetone, MTBE/methanol, and direct protein solubilization of defatted hempseed flour demonstrated a good overview of protein content, but less abundant proteins were poorly represented. The Osborne sequential separation was helpful in diluting abundant proteins thus enhancing the method sensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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11 pages, 1172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulatory Activity of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis in LPS-Stimulated Mouse Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells

by Uoorakkottil Ilyas, Deepshikha P. Katare, Punnoth Poonkuzhi Naseef, Mohamed Saheer Kuruniyan, Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal and Vidhu Aeri

Separations 2021, 8(9), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8090129 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3029

Abstract

Phyllanthus species (Family Euphorbiaceae) has been used in traditional medicine of several countries as a cure for numerous diseases, including jaundice and hepatitis. This study is an attempt to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of various fractions, column eluents of ethyl acetate fraction, and their polyphenols. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis were standardized using high-performance liquid chromatography to identify and quantify polyphenols, and purification of polyphenols was carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography. Subsequently, we tested various fractions, column eluents of ethyl acetate fraction, and polyphenols in vitro to assess their impact on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The ethyl acetate fraction (100 μg mL⁻¹) had a more significant stimulatory effect on LPS-stimulated NO production by the RAW 264.7 cells. We found that the ethyl acetate fraction contains a high amount of catechin, quercetin, ellagic acid kaempferol, and rutin, which are responsible for immunomodulation. The ethyl acetate fraction at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg mL⁻¹ had a significant inhibitory effect and 100 μg mL⁻¹ had a more significant stimulatory effect when compared with the LPS control. The percentage of inhibition by LPS control ranged from zero percentage, kaempferol ranged from 45.4% at 50 μg mL⁻¹ to 41.88% at 100 μg mL⁻¹, catechin ranged from 50% at 50 μg mL⁻¹ to 35.28% at 100 μg mL⁻¹, rutin ranged from 36.2% at 50 μg mL⁻¹ to 47.44% at 100 μg mL⁻¹, gallic acid ranged from 28.4% at 50 μg mL⁻¹ to 50.9% at 100 μg mL⁻¹, ellagic acid ranged from 45.12% at 50 μg mL⁻¹ to 38.64% at 100 μg mL⁻¹, and purified quercetin ranged from 26.2% at 50 μg mL⁻¹to 45.48% at 100 μg mL⁻¹. As NO plays an important role in the immune function, polyphenols’ treatment could modulate several aspects of host defense mechanisms owing to the stimulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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15 pages, 3713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of a Methanolic Extract of Cucumis melo L. Fruit (F1 Hybrid)

by R. S. Rajasree, Sibi P. Ittiyavirah, Punnoth Poonkuzhi Naseef, Mohamed Saheer Kuruniyan, G. S. Anisree and Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal

Separations 2021, 8(8), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080123 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2770

Abstract

Cucumis melo L. (C. melo) is a fruit with many medicinal properties and is consumed in various countries. It is utilised for chronic eczema and to treat minor burns and scrapes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of a methanolic extract of Cucumis melo Linn (MECM). A coarse powder prepared from the fruit and seeds was extracted with methanol (absolute) by a hot continuous percolation process in accordance with the standard protocols. All the extracts were estimated for potential antioxidant activities with tests such as an estimation of total antioxidant activity, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging activity and reducing power ability. The qualitative analysis of the methanolic extract of C. melo fruit showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, sterols, phenolic compounds, terpenes and flavonoids. The total antioxidant activity of concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 µg were tested and observed to be 3.3 ± 0.1732, 6.867 ± 0.5457 and 13.63 ± 0.8295 µg of ascorbic acid, respectively. The results also showed significant nitric oxide and DPPH scavenging activities as well as a reducing power activity of MECM. Thus, our results suggest that MECM may serve as a putative source of natural antioxidants for therapeutic and nutraceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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Review

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25 pages, 1967 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advanced Analytical Approaches for the Analysis of Polyphenols in Plants Matrices—A Review

by Elena Roxana Chiriac, Carmen Lidia Chiţescu, Elisabeta-Irina Geană, Cerasela Elena Gird, Radu Petre Socoteanu and Rica Boscencu

Separations 2021, 8(5), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8050065 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5452

Abstract

Phenolic compounds are plants’ bioactive metabolites that have been studied for their ability to confer extensive benefits to human health. As currently there is an increased interest in natural compounds identification and characterization, new analytical methods based on advanced technologies have been developed. This paper summarizes current advances in the state of the art for polyphenols identification and quantification. Analytical techniques ranging from high-pressure liquid chromatography to hyphenated spectrometric methods are discussed. The topic of high-resolution mass spectrometry, from targeted quantification to untargeted comprehensive chemical profiling, is particularly addressed. Structure elucidation is one of the important steps for natural products research. Mass spectral data handling approaches, including acquisition mode selection, accurate mass measurements, elemental composition, mass spectral library search algorithms and structure confirmation through mass fragmentation pathways, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Plant Active Ingredients)

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