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Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2019) | Viewed by 85207

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Aled Jones

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Guest Editor

Global Sustainability Institute, Faculty Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
Interests: sustainability science, complexity, systems dynamics, food conflict, climate change, resilience, water-energy-food nexus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Providing adequate and affordable food for everyone, everywhere, is vital to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. However, with increasing complexity within the global food system including complex supply chains, financing, and governance alongside environmental pollution, water scarcity, and climate change, how do we best understand food systems? Are there different approaches that offer new techniques to better manage and monitor these globally complex systems? This Special Issue will bring together papers that address new methods and approaches to understanding the global food system and its impacts. This will include better scientific methods for analysing risk, metrics to capture progress, and governance proposals to manage change. Papers that explore and outline new opportunities and threats that emerge through the transition towards a more globally sustainable food system are also welcome.

Prof. Aled Jones
Guest Editor

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Keywords

food systems
environmental sustainability
systems science
governance and sustainability
sustainability metrics

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Food Security and Household Dietary Diversity in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

by Priviledge Cheteni, Yohane Khamfula and Gisele Mah

Sustainability 2020, 12(5), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051851 - 01 Mar 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3885

Abstract

Food security is one of the most severe challenges facing the majority of African countries. The objective of this study was to explore household food dietary diversity and food security in a rural area in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 296 household heads were randomly sampled to participate in the study. The Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS) were used to identify the consumption patterns of the households and their food security status. Meanwhile, a binary model was used to identify the variables that had an impact on household food security. Findings from the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) revealed that 61 percent of the households had lower dietary diversity and were consuming at least three food groups, which mainly include pulses, milk, and cereals. The results from the Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS), however, showed that the majority of the households had adequate levels of food consumption. The binary model revealed that age, household income, access to credit, and gender are statistically significant in influencing household food security status in the study area. It can be concluded that household dietary diversity is not guaranteed by food security, as proven by the regression model. Therefore, the government should consider the impact of low income on food security and it should intensify efforts directed at helping rural households to reduce incidences of food insecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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17 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Food Sustainability Labels on the Perceived Product Value and Price Expectations of Urban Consumers

by Joanna Kaczorowska, Krystyna Rejman, Ewa Halicka, Agata Szczebyło and Hanna Górska-Warsewicz

Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 7240; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247240 - 17 Dec 2019

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 9548

Abstract

Sustainable labelling is an important tool in raising awareness and informing potential buyers regarding environmental, economic and social issues. This study provides insights into consumers’ value of food sustainability labels through the exploration of the impact of logos on their purchasing decisions (willingness to buy (WTB)) and readiness to pay (willingness to pay (WTP)) a higher price for sustainability-labelled products. Data was collected via an online survey among a sample of 423 adult city dwellers in Poland. The structured questionnaire beside sections concerning consumer buying behaviour and perception of the food labels consisted of a behavioural choice experiment (CE), where two categories of plant products: fresh (apples or bananas) and non-perishable (rice or beans) varied by type of labelling (logos: Euro-leaf, PGI, Fair Trade or without logo) and by price. Cluster analysis revealed two consumer groups (named “Sceptical” and “Mindful”) that had varied opinions and perceptions of sustainable labelled food and buying behaviour. The research results indicate that when the logo is poorly-known even consumers with positive attitudes towards sustainability do not use it as a cue when shopping for food. Moreover, urban consumers were very price sensitive and showed a restrained desire to pay a higher price for sustainability labelled products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

23 pages, 1305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Research and Innovation for Sustainable Food Systems—A Coupled-Systems Perspective

by Kristiaan P. W. Kok, Alanya C. L. den Boer, Tomris Cesuroglu, Marjoleine G. van der Meij, Renée de Wildt-Liesveld, Barbara J. Regeer and Jacqueline E. W. Broerse

Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 7176; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247176 - 14 Dec 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8303

Abstract

Current research and innovation (R&I) systems are not equipped to fully serve as catalysts for the urgently needed transformation of food systems. Though research on food systems transformation (first order: ‘what?’) and transformative research (second order: ‘how to’) are rapidly gaining traction in academic and policy environments, current efforts fail to explicitly recognize the systemic nature of the challenges associated with performing transformative second-order research. To recognize these manifold and interlinked challenges embedded in R&I systems, there is a need for a coupled-systems perspective. Transformations are needed in food systems as well as R&I systems (‘how to do the “how to”’). We set out to conceptualize an approach that aims to trigger double transformations by nurturing innovations at the boundaries of R&I systems and food systems that act upon systemic leverage points, so that their multisystem interactions can better support food system transformations. We exemplify this coupled-systems approach by introducing the FIT4FOOD2030 project with its 25 living labs as a promising multilevel boundary innovation at the cross-section of R&I and food systems. We illustrate how this approach paves the way for double systems transformations, and therefore for an R&I system that is fit for future-proofing food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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17 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Time Windows Provide Divergent Estimates of Climate Variability and Change Impacts on Maize Yield in Northeast China

by Xi Deng, Yao Huang, Wenjuan Sun, Lingfei Yu, Xunyu Hu and Sheng Wang

Sustainability 2019, 11(23), 6659; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236659 - 25 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2212

Abstract

Maize is the main crop in Northeast China (NEC), but is susceptible to climate variations. Using county-level data from 1980 to 2010, we established multiple linear regression models between detrended changes in maize yield and climate variables at two time windows—whole-season and vegetative and reproductive (V&R) phases. Based on climate change trends, these regression models were used to assess climate variability and change impacts on maize yield in different regions of NEC. The results show that different time windows provide divergent estimates. Climate change over the 31 years induced a 1.3% reduction in maize yield at the time window of whole-season, but an increase of 9.1% was estimated at the time window of V&R phases. The yield improvement is attributed to an increase in minimum temperature at the vegetative phase when the temperatures were much lower than the optimum. Yield fluctuations due to inter-annual climate variability were estimated to be ±9% per year at the time window of V&R phases, suggesting that the impact of climate variability on maize yield is much greater than climate change. Trends in precipitation were not responsible for the yield change, but precipitation anomalies contributed to the yield fluctuations. The impacts of warming on maize yield are regional specific, depending on the local temperatures relative to the optimum. Increase in maximum temperature led to a reduction of maize yield in western NEC, but to an increase in mid-east part of NEC. Our findings highlight the necessity of taking into account the phenological phase when assessing the climate impacts on crop yield, and the importance of buffering future crop production from climate change in NEC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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19 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Ethnocentrism on the Food Market as a Pattern of Sustainable Consumption

by Paweł Bryła

Sustainability 2019, 11(22), 6408; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226408 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 4089

Abstract

The paper aims to assess the level and predictors of regional ethnocentrism on the market of regional food products in the context of sustainable consumption. The study contributes to the theory of consumer ethnocentrism by extending our knowledge about its regional dimension. Regional ethnocentrism is the preference for products originating from the consumer’s region. I conducted a survey in a representative sample of 1000 inhabitants of Poland with the use of the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) methodology. Regional ethnocentric consumers were characterized by a significantly more favorable attitude to regional food products compared to the rest of the sample. In a multiple regression model, the following eight statistically significant predictors of the regional ethnocentrism were identified: the importance of brand and retailer trust on the food market; the importance of quality signs in regional food purchases; opinion that insufficient marketing constitutes an important barrier to the development of the regional food market; buying regional products in shops owned by producers, rather than large distribution networks; frequency of purchasing regional products as a tourist; and national ethnocentrism on the regional food market. These predictors are strongly related to the three major pillars of sustainable development—economic, social, and ecological. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

18 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Purchasing Decisions and Environmental Ideology: An Exploratory Survey of UK Shoppers

by Margo E. Barker, Francis Wong, Christopher R. Jones and Jean M. Russell

Sustainability 2019, 11(22), 6279; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226279 - 08 Nov 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4337

Abstract

Environmentally and ethically conscious food purchasing has traction with British consumers. We examined how broad environmental worldviews related to shoppers’ ratings of the importance of various shopping criteria, including recognition of eco-labels, by surveying 502 shoppers from the city of Sheffield, England. Environmental worldviews were measured using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale. Responses to the scale split into two dimensions reflecting the scale’s origins: the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) and NEP subscales. Subscription to the NEP (ecocentric values) was associated with greater importance ratings of nutrition & health, animal welfare, the environment, Fairtrade, seasonal, local and organic criteria. Subscription to the DSP (anthropocentric values) was associated with greater importance ratings of quality, taste, safety, price and convenience criteria. Notably, subscription to DSP values was the only predictor of eco-label recognition score in a multivariate model. These results indicate that the NEP scale should be considered as two subscales. The results suggest that campaigns to increase consumers’ environmental awareness in order to encourage environmentally driven food shopping are likely to motivate only consumers disenchanted with technological and anthropocentric development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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31 pages, 3787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technology-Driven Transition in Urban Food Production Practices: A Case Study of Shanghai

by Mohsen Hosseinifarhangi, Margherita E. Turvani, Arnold van der Valk and Gerrit J. Carsjens

Sustainability 2019, 11(21), 6070; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216070 - 01 Nov 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5902

Abstract

The continuing decline of arable land per person and global human population growth are raising concerns about food security. Recent advances in horticultural technology (i.e., growing using light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, hydroponics, vertical farming, and controlled environments) have changed the ways in which vegetables can be produced and supplied. The emerging technology makes it possible to produce more food using fewer resources, independent of the weather and the need for land. They allow bringing agricultural practices inside urban built up spaces and making horticultural production an integrated part of the daily life of urban residents. However, the process and consequences of this technology-driven transition on urban planning and development are hardly understood. This paper uses the theory of multi-level perspective (MLP) on sustainability transitions and actor–network theory (ANT) to explore this technology-driven transition and its adoption in urban planning and development. The high-tech horticulture zone development in Shanghai was used as a case study. The results show the importance of both social (i.e., policymakers and planners) and material (i.e., technologies and policy documents) actants in the transition of the sociotechnical regime. Furthermore, the transition toward sustainable urban horticulture practices requires the simultaneous preparation of supportive and compatible spatial development, agricultural and sustainable development policies, and adequate policy implementation and evaluation tools to increase the competitive strength of innovative practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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13 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fish is the Preferred Animal-Source Food in the Rural Community of Southern Bangladesh

by Rumana Akter, Shakuntala H. Thilsted, Nazia Hossain, Hiroe Ishihara and Nobuyuki Yagi

Sustainability 2019, 11(20), 5764; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205764 - 17 Oct 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3481

Abstract

Increased intake of animal-source foods (ASFs) is crucial to tackle multiple nutritional challenges in Bangladesh, and contribute to achieving targets under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Qualitative and quantitative data were collected to assess current ASFs intake behaviors and preferred ASFs, among three types of households, namely 1. aquaculture intervention (AI); 2. aquaculture non-intervention (ANI); and 3. non-aquaculture non-intervention (NANI) households and children aged 6–59 months, to understand whether intake of ASFs vary by the types of households. Purposive sampling was conducted to obtain a total of 100 households (AI, 50; ANI, 25; NANI, 25). Fish was the most commonly consumed (52.2–61.5%) and preferred (73.9–84.6%) ASF by the majority households, across study groups; although amount (mean ± SD) of intake (g/d/person) by NANI households was statistically significantly lower (NANI, 105.5 ± 53.3; p < 0.001), compared to other two groups (AI, 163.6 ± 64.7 and ANI, 159.6 ± 53). Fish species selection for household consumption was led by taste, health benefits, availability, and price. Pangasius was the first fish species of choice fed to children, due to having fewer small bones compared to other commonly consumed fish species. Dietary interventions to prioritize fish, in targeting increased intake of ASFs among study population, for improved food and nutrition security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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16 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Traditional Food Crops Really ‘Future Smart Foods?’ A Sustainability Perspective

by Lipy Adhikari, Sabarnee Tuladhar, Abid Hussain and Kamal Aryal

Sustainability 2019, 11(19), 5236; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195236 - 24 Sep 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4232

Abstract

Abstract: This study attempted to assess the potential of traditional food crops (TFCs) to be ‘future smart foods’ through the lens of sustainability. Our study mainly relied on the primary data collected from farm households (n = 89) in the high mountains of Nepal and the hills of Bangladesh. The study found that farmers are gradually abandoning the cultivation of TFCs. In the last decade, cash crops such as mustard and cardamom in study villages in Nepal (SVN) and fruits and coffee in study villages in Bangladesh (SVB) were adopted to replace TFCs. In overall calorie intake at the household level, TFCs contributed only 3% and 7% respectively, in SVN and SVB. A sustainability analysis showed that TFCs have a huge potential to be ‘future smart foods’ because they are socially acceptable, have high nutritional values (social sustainability), and are key to the agrobiodiversity and resilience of farming systems (environmental sustainability). They also have the potential to improve famers’ income and are more efficient in energy use during production cycles (economic sustainability). To promote TFCs as a sustainable solution for local farming systems and nutrition security, there is the need for a behavior change of both farmers and consumers, respectively, through the favorable policy environment and public awareness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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20 pages, 3036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Global Food and Energy Security System Dynamics Model for Addressing Systemic Risk

by Roberto Pasqualino, Irene Monasterolo and Aled Jones

Sustainability 2019, 11(14), 3995; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143995 - 23 Jul 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6700

Abstract

In 1972, The Limits to Growth, using the World3 System Dynamics model, modeled for the first time the long-term risk of food security, which would emerge from the complex relation between capital and population growth within the limits of the planet. In this paper, we present a novel system dynamics model to explore the short-term dynamics of the food and energy system within the wider global economic framework. By merging structures of the World3, Money, and Macroeconomy Dynamics (MMD) and the Energy Transition and the Economy (ETE) models, we present a closed system global economy model, where growth is driven by population growth and government debt. The agricultural sector is a general disequilibrium productive sector grounded on World3, where capital investment and land development decisions are made to meet population food need, thus generating cascade demands for the energy and capital sector. Energy and Capital Sectors employ a more standard economic approach in line with MMD and ETE. By taking into account the role of financial, real, and natural capital, the model can be used to explore alternative scenarios driven by uncertainty and risk, such as climate extreme events and their impacts on food production. The paper presents scenario analysis of the impact of an exogenous price, production, and subsidies shock in the food and/or energy dimensions on the economic system, understanding the sources of potential cascade effects, thus providing a systemic risk assessment tool to inform global food security policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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16 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Roadmapping to Enhance Local Food Supply: Case Study of a City-Region in Austria

by Simon Berner, Hartmut Derler, René Rehorska, Stephan Pabst and Ulrike Seebacher

Sustainability 2019, 11(14), 3876; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143876 - 17 Jul 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4460

Abstract

Due to the current challenges of climate change, population growth in urban settlements and resource depletion, agri-food researchers have put an increasing emphasis on the sustainability transitions of food systems. In this regard, there has been an increasing interest in the local food supply of cities and their surrounding regions, as local food is considered to be a contributing factor toward more sustainable, resilient and just urban food systems. Based on this background, a roadmapping process was conducted to assess the status quo and to identify measures to enhance the local food supply in the city-region of Graz in Austria. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 47 stakeholders, analysed textual materials and calculated food carrying capacities. The obtained data served as input for a series of three workshops, where measures were derived. Our results suggest that cooperation among agri-food stakeholders should be facilitated by local decision makers in order to promote food from regional sources within the target area. Furthermore, smart technologies can help to scale-up local food supply schemes, and to track down food stocks and flows more efficiently. Besides, food policy councils and open food labs can help to incubate food product innovations and to support partnerships among agri-food stakeholders, including local small-scale farmers. In the future, engagement and empowerment processes with local food stakeholders should be addressed to enable transformational processes. Roadmaps can help to initiate such processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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14 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiplicity of Perspectives on Sustainable Food: Moving Beyond Discursive Path Dependency in Food Policy

by Michiel P.M.M. de Krom and Hanneke Muilwijk

Sustainability 2019, 11(10), 2773; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102773 - 15 May 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3214

Abstract

The idea that a sustainable transformation of the food system is urgently needed is gaining ground throughout Europe. Yet, opinions differ substantially on what a sustainable food future exactly entails, and on how this future may be achieved. This article argues that recognising this multiplicity of opinions and perspectives in policy making is productive because it creates attentiveness to innovative ideas and initiatives, and may contribute to a broad social support base for policy choices. However, food policy makers may overlook the diversity in perspectives by unreflexively adopting understandings of problems and solutions that are historically dominant in their organisations. In this article, we reveal the usefulness of triggering reflection on such discursive path dependencies amongst policy makers. We do so by presenting a three-fold case study that we conducted in the Netherlands. First, we analytically distinguish five perspectives on sustainable food that feature prominently in the Dutch public debate. Subsequently, we show that only two out of these five perspectives predominantly informed a Dutch food policy—despite intentions to devise a more integrated policy approach. Finally, we discuss the findings of two focus groups in which we discussed our analyses with Dutch civil servants who have been involved in drafting the Dutch food policy. These focus groups triggered reflection among the civil servants on their own perspectival biases as well as on discursive path dependencies in Dutch food policy making. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the understanding of the discursive politics of sustainable agro-food transformations in Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 1402 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Diet Dimensions. Comparing Consumer Preference for Nutrition, Environmental and Social Responsibility Food Labelling: A Systematic Review

by Rebecca C. A. Tobi, Francesca Harris, Ritu Rana, Kerry A. Brown, Matthew Quaife and Rosemary Green

Sustainability 2019, 11(23), 6575; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236575 - 21 Nov 2019

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 11709

Abstract

Global food systems are currently challenged by unsustainable and unhealthy consumption and production practices. Food labelling provides information on key characteristics of food items, thereby potentially driving more sustainable food choices or demands. This review explores how consumers value three different elements of sustainable diets: Comparing consumer response to nutrition information on food labels against environmental and/or social responsibility information. Six databases were systematically searched for studies examining consumer choice/preference/evaluation of nutrition against environmental and/or social responsibility attributes on food labels. Studies were quality assessed against domain-based criteria and reported using PRISMA guidelines. Thirty articles with 19,040 participants met inclusion criteria. Study quality was mixed, with samples biased towards highly-educated females. Environmental and social responsibility attributes were preferred to nutrition attributes in 17 studies (11 environmental and six social), compared to nine where nutrition attributes were valued more highly. Three studies found a combination of attributes were valued more highly than either attribute in isolation. One study found no significant preference. The most preferred attribute was organic labelling, with a health inference likely. Consumers generally have a positive view of environmental and social responsibility food labelling schemes. Combination labelling has potential, with a mix of sustainable diet attributes appearing well-received. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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15 pages, 1088 KiB

Open AccessReview

Opportunities for the Adoption of Health-Based Sustainable Dietary Patterns: A Review on Consumer Research of Meat Substitutes

by Ramona Weinrich

Sustainability 2019, 11(15), 4028; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154028 - 25 Jul 2019

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 12285

Abstract

This article reviews empirical research on consumers’ adoption of meat substitutes published up to spring 2018. Recent meat substitutes often have sustainable characteristics in line with consumers’ concerns over aspects of healthy food and the environmental impact of food production. However, changing lifestyles with less time for cooking, any transition from a strongly meat-based to a more plant-based diet depends on the successful establishment of convenient meat substitutes. This article reviews the growing body of research on meat substitutes. These research articles were classified into five different stages in line with the innovation-decision process of: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation and confirmation. The research was analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively, with results suggesting that although health, environmental and animal welfare aspects can persuade consumers and influence their decision to try a meat substitute, the appearance and taste of those meat substitutes are crucial factors for their consumption on a regular basis. However, there still remains a gap in research articles focusing on the regular consumption of meat substitutes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Complex and Sustainable Food Systems)

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