Contribution of Uremic Toxins to Chronic Kidney Disease Progression

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Uremic Toxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 17859

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina and Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, MSC 629, CSB 822, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
Interests: critical care nephrology; metabolic acidosis; meta-analysis; uremic toxins; volume overload
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Guest Editor
1. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dialysis, Szent Margit Hospital, Budapest 1032, Hungary
2. Department of Medicine (Nephrology Section), Raph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
Interests: volume measurements; volume status; hypertension; bioimpedance; BNP
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Fresenius Medical Care, Cegléd, Hungary
Interests: acidosis; meta-analysis; progression; uremic toxins; volume overload

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression remains an ongoing concern worldwide, even in the era of optimized blood pressure, reduced albuminuria and improved diabetes control in the human population. Despite the introduction of ACE inhibitors, aldosterone blockers and most recently SGLT-2 inhibitors, kidney disease progression remains the rule rather than the exception in the majority of CKD patients. The ultimate goal for nephrologists is to achieve a sufficient delay in disease progression so that patients’ overall life expectancy is exceeded by the functional survival of residual renal parenchyma, to afford a life span without kidney replacement therapy needed. The presence of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), especially with suboptimal blood pressure control and albuminuria, represents the largest risk factor for further ongoing loss of renal function, in the context of the accumulation of uremic toxins and an imbalanced metabolic environment. Sedentary lifestyle, excess body weight and suboptimal diet, along with the stress of environmental heat exposure with climate change, represent additional stressors in those with reduced functional renal parenchyma. In our Special Issue, we are aiming to review new and emerging concepts with regard to the accumulation of specific uremic toxins contributing to the progression of the decline in renal function. We hope that these papers will provide further impetus for research to explore novel approaches of interventions.

As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue I invite you to submit relevant papers for consideration with rigorous peer review and expeditious publication. We particularly welcome papers bringing forth novel concepts or challenging prevailing concepts and clinical inertia. All original investigations, including both clinical and basic sciences studies, as well meta-analyses and scholarly review papers will be considered. 

Prof. Dr. Tibor Fülöp
Dr. Mihály Tapolyai
Dr. Lajos Zsom
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • acidosis
  • meta-analysis
  • progression
  • uremic toxins
  • volume overload

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1910 KiB  
Article
Indoxyl Sulfate Contributes to mTORC1-Induced Renal Fibrosis via The OAT/NADPH Oxidase/ROS Pathway
by Takehiro Nakano, Hiroshi Watanabe, Tadashi Imafuku, Kai Tokumaru, Issei Fujita, Nanaka Arimura, Hitoshi Maeda, Motoko Tanaka, Kazutaka Matsushita, Masafumi Fukagawa and Toru Maruyama
Toxins 2021, 13(12), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120909 - 18 Dec 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3688
Abstract
Activation of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) in renal tissue has been reported in chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced renal fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for activating mTORC1 in CKD pathology are not well understood. The purpose of this study was [...] Read more.
Activation of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) in renal tissue has been reported in chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced renal fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for activating mTORC1 in CKD pathology are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the uremic toxin involved in mTORC1-induced renal fibrosis. Among the seven protein-bound uremic toxins, only indoxyl sulfate (IS) caused significant activation of mTORC1 in human kidney 2 cells (HK-2 cells). This IS-induced mTORC1 activation was inhibited in the presence of an organic anion transporter inhibitor, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and an antioxidant. IS also induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition of tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells), differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (NRK-49F cells), and inflammatory response of macrophages (THP-1 cells), which are associated with renal fibrosis, and these effects were inhibited in the presence of rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor). In in vivo experiments, IS overload was found to activate mTORC1 in the mouse kidney. The administration of AST-120 or rapamycin targeted to IS or mTORC1 ameliorated renal fibrosis in Adenine-induced CKD mice. The findings reported herein indicate that IS activates mTORC1, which then contributes to renal fibrosis. Therapeutic interventions targeting IS and mTORC1 could be effective against renal fibrosis in CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contribution of Uremic Toxins to Chronic Kidney Disease Progression)
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Review

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11 pages, 1066 KiB  
Review
The Role of Dietary Fiber and Gut Microbiome Modulation in Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
by Natarajan Ranganathan and Emmanuel Anteyi
Toxins 2022, 14(3), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030183 - 02 Mar 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6019
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the fundamental approaches to promoting and preventing all kinds of diseases, especially kidney diseases. Dietary fiber forms a significant aspect of renal nutrition in treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dietary fiber intake influences the composition and metabolism of the [...] Read more.
Nutrition is one of the fundamental approaches to promoting and preventing all kinds of diseases, especially kidney diseases. Dietary fiber forms a significant aspect of renal nutrition in treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dietary fiber intake influences the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiome with proven roles in reducing uremic toxin production, preserving kidney function, and retarding the progression of CKD through mechanisms of regulating metabolic, immunological, and inflammatory processes. Understanding dietary fiber’s pathogenesis and mechanistic action in modulating host and microbiome interactions provides a potential adjunct therapeutic target for preventing, controlling, and treating CKD patients. In this regard, a recommendation of adequate and appropriate dietary fiber intake to restore beneficial gut microbiota composition would reduce the risks and complications associated with CKD. This mini review summarizes current evidence of the role of dietary fiber intake in modulating the gut microbiome to improve kidney health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contribution of Uremic Toxins to Chronic Kidney Disease Progression)
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16 pages, 3587 KiB  
Review
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Critical Review of Estimate-Based Predictions of Individual Outcomes in Kidney Disease
by Lajos Zsom, Marianna Zsom, Sohail Abdul Salim and Tibor Fülöp
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020127 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7568
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is generally regarded as a final common pathway of several renal diseases, often leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and a need for renal replacement therapy. Estimated GFR (eGFR) has been used to predict this outcome recognizing its robust [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is generally regarded as a final common pathway of several renal diseases, often leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and a need for renal replacement therapy. Estimated GFR (eGFR) has been used to predict this outcome recognizing its robust association with renal disease progression and the eventual need for dialysis in large, mainly cross-sectional epidemiological studies. However, GFR is implicitly limited as follows: (1) GFR reflects only one of the many physiological functions of the kidney; (2) it is dependent on several non-renal factors; (3) it has intrinsic variability that is a function of dietary intake, fluid and cardiovascular status, and blood pressure especially with impaired autoregulation or medication use; (4) it has been shown to change with age with a unique non-linear pattern; and (5) eGFR may not correlate with GFR in certain conditions and disease states. Yet, many clinicians, especially our non-nephrologist colleagues, tend to regard eGFR obtained from a simple laboratory test as both a valid reflection of renal function and a reliable diagnostic tool in establishing the diagnosis of CKD. What is the validity of these beliefs? This review will critically reassess the limitations of such single-focused attention, with a particular focus on inter-individual variability. What does science actually tell us about the usefulness of eGFR in diagnosing CKD? Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contribution of Uremic Toxins to Chronic Kidney Disease Progression)
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