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Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 29965

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Prof. Katarzyna Glińska-Lewczuk

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Department of Water Resources, Climatology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Interests: water management; water quality; ecohydrology, freshwater ecosystems; river restoration; hydrology; multivariate statistics
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Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski

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Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Interests: water and wastewater management; wastewater treatment; constructed wetland; water quality; water protection
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Prof. Dr. Mirosław Wiatkowski

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Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
Interests: water management; water reservoir; water quality and protection; river systems; hydropower plant
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We all have been observing a growing demand for more knowledge-based actions on water quality and quantity change due to the substantial impact of the changing climate on environment and human interests. There is a common agreement that climate change affects hydrological, ecological, and socioeconomic regimes. It is estimated that climate change has a dual effect on the functioning of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The processes occurring in WWTP will be subsequently affected by climate change; more extreme weather events and earlier snowmelt runoff will lead to more untreated wastewater, increased flooding, etc. Due to the increased scarcity of water resources, the efficiency of wastewater treatment, and wastewater reuse, will become a priority as climate change accelerates. Thus, water and waste water management has become a key area, both for research and practice.

The purpose of this Special Issue of Water is to present innovative studies on the effects of climate change on (a) the hydrologic processes and response of river basins to extreme events; (b) the frequency and intensity of extreme hydrological events such as droughts and floods; (c) water availability and water demand in a range of geographical and climate areas of the world; (d) the pollution of water and the development of water and wastewater treatment technology; (e) the management, development, and planning of water resources including rain water use; and (f) the ecohydrological response of hydrotechnical and nature-based solutions.

In light of the above, we would like to call for papers where you share your recent innovative discoveries within the field of water and waste water management. Perspectives on potential ecological risks, benefits, and costs of water quality improvement are required to enhance the ability to predict and identify the impact of climate change and to evaluate management options. We expect contributions containing advanced methodological procedures for in situ hydrological research and monitoring, and analytical tools, including improved methodology for water resources assessment and toxic levels, as well as multivariate chemometric analyses on comprehensive environmental data sets.

Prof. Katarzyna Glińska-Lewczuk
Prof. Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski
Prof. Mirosław Wiatkowski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

water management
climate change
pollution
catchment
hydrology
water quality
nature-based solutions
wastewater treatment
constructed wetlands

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Winter Road De-Icing Affect Mortality of Organisms in Aquatic Ecosystems? An Experimental Approach

by Magdalena Frąk and Piotr Bednarczyk

Water 2021, 13(18), 2524; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182524 - 15 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

Road maintenance in winter using de-icing agents, which is widely used in Eastern Europe, is the cause of water salinization in neighbouring environments, which might lead to biodiversity loss in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we investigated NaCl toxicity to test young organisms: Daphnia magna and Poecilla reticulata (standard tests organisms). The salinity of NaCl was measured by electrolytic conductivity (EC). It was statistically demonstrated that the test solutions should be prepared using natural water. For D. magna the NOEC was 7.17 mS/cm and the LC50 9.76 mS/cm. Poecilla reticulata showed resistance to salinity up to a conductivity of 25.2 mS/cm, and no lethal effects were recorded for any individual in the test population. The study showed that winter salinities recorded in inland waters (without emergencies such as sudden influx of pollutants due to industrial accidents) are unlikely to affect fish but may be hazardous to small plankton. However, the high dare of D. magna may result in a reduction of planktivorous fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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13 pages, 1949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Hellwig Method for Predictors’ Selection in Groundwater Level Time Series Forecasting

by Joanna Kajewska-Szkudlarek and Wojciech Łyczko

Water 2021, 13(6), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060778 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1944

Abstract

Effective groundwater planning and management should be based on the prediction of available water volume. The complex nature of groundwater systems makes this complicated and requires the use of complex methods. Data-driven models using computational intelligence are becoming increasingly popular in that field. The key issue in predictive modelling is the selection of input variables. Wrocław-Osobowice irrigation fields were a wastewater treatment plant until 2013. The monitoring of groundwater levels is being continued to assess the water relations in that area after the end of their exploitation. The aim of the study was to assess the Hellwig method for predictors’ selection in groundwater level forecasting with support vector regression models. Data covered the daily time series of groundwater level in the period 2015–2019. Obtained models with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.024–0.292 m and r² of 0.7–0.9 were considered as high quality. Moreover, they showed good prediction ability for high as well as low groundwater values. Additionally, the proposed method is simple, and its implementation only requires access to groundwater level measurement data. It may be useful in groundwater management and planning in terms of actual climate change and threat of water deficits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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21 pages, 4389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technological Reliability and Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment in Two Hybrid Constructed Wetlands in the Roztocze National Park (Poland)

by Agnieszka Micek, Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski, Michał Marzec and Agnieszka Listosz

Water 2020, 12(12), 3435; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123435 - 07 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

The paper presents the results of a 3-year study on the technological reliability and the efficiency of typical domestic wastewater treatment in two hybrid constructed wetland systems (CWs) located in the area of the Roztocze National Park (Poland). The studied objects consist of an initial settling tank and a system of two beds of the vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) (VF–HF) type with reed and willow. The wastewater flow rate in the constructed wetlands systems (CWs) was 0.4 and 1.0 m³/d, respectively. During the study period (2017–2019) 20 series of analyses were performed and 60 wastewater samples were collected. Based on the obtained results the effects of pollutant removal and the technological reliability were determined, which were specified with the Weibull method. The average efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 96–99%. Slightly lower effects were obtained in the case of total phosphorus (TP) removal (90–94%), as well as for total suspended solids (TSS) (80–87%) and total nitrogen (TN) (73–86%) removal. The analysed CWs were characterised by 100% technological reliability for BOD5 and COD, as well as a good reliability for TSS and TP (87–100%) but slightly lower for TN removal (35–89%). Hybrid CWs of VF–HF type should be recommended to use in protected areas for wastewater treatment and water resources quality protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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Graphical abstract

25 pages, 3225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability and Efficiency of Pollutant Removal in Four-Stage Constructed Wetland of SSVF-SSHF-SSHF-SSVF Type

by Magdalena Gizińska-Górna, Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski and Michał Marzec

Water 2020, 12(11), 3153; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113153 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2579

Abstract

The present paper reports pollutant removal efficiencies and reliability for a four-stage hybrid constructed wetland (HCW) consisting of the following sequence of subsurface (SS), vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) beds: SSVF-SSHF-SSHF-SSVF. The experiments were carried out over a period of three years, with sampling done in each season: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Grab samples of wastewater collected from different stages of treatment were tested for total suspended solids (TSS), BOD₅, COD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The wetland was found to have a very high efficiency of removal of suspended solids and organics, with relatively little seasonal variability. The three-year average TSS removal efficiency was approximately 92.7%. The effectiveness of elimination of organic compounds was very high throughout the study period at 96.6% BOD₅ and 95% COD. The effluent from the four-stage system had significantly lower contents of TN and TP compared to the wastewater discharged from the first two beds of this facility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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15 pages, 1431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Aquaculture Effluents on the Prevalence and Biocides Resistance of Opportunistic Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteria in the Drwęca River Protected under the Natura 2000 Network

by Iwona Gołaś

Water 2020, 12(7), 1947; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071947 - 09 Jul 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of trout aquaculture effluents on the Drwęca River. The count of opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens (OPPF) in the total Pseudomonas fluorescens population (TPFP) were determined by plating on King B medium and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The resistance of OPPF strains to 12 antibiotics and two disinfectants was evaluated. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in OPPF counts were found between seven sampling sites. OPPF counts were highest in samples collected directly downstream from three fish farms. More than 50% of these isolates demonstrated multiple-drug resistance to ampicillin, mezlocillin, cefotaxime, norfloxacin, tetracycline and two disinfectants (Steridial and chloramine T). Of these, 52% were resistant to high doses of cefotaxime and norfloxacin (MIC ≥ 256 µg·mL⁻¹), and 65% were resistant to the maximum doses of Steridial (MIC Ste ≥ 25 mL·m⁻³) and chloramine T (MIC Chlor ≥ 20 mg·L⁻¹). All OPPF sampled upstream from the farms were sensitive to low concentrations of CTX (cefotaxime) and NOR (norfloxacin) (MIC ≤ 2 µg·mL⁻¹), Steridial (MIC Ste ≤ 5 mL·m⁻³) and chloramine T (MIC Chlor ≤ 2.5 mg·L⁻¹). Agglomerative clustering revealed two clusters: strains from samples collected upstream and downstream from trout farms. The results indicate that aquaculture effluents significantly affect the prevalence of biocides resistant OPPF along the river continuum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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18 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cascading River–Lake Systems on the Dynamics of Nutrient Circulation in Catchment Areas

by Angela Kuriata-Potasznik, Sławomir Szymczyk and Andrzej Skwierawski

Water 2020, 12(4), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041144 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3747

Abstract

Matter circulates in nature constantly, between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, exchanging elements between the biotope and biocenosis. Each aquatic ecosystem is resistant to a specific load, above which its degradation occurs. It seems that the resistance of cascade reservoirs is higher than that of drainless reservoirs. Changes taking place in one part of the river–lake system cause disturbances in the dynamics of nutrient circulation in another. Rivers supplying water to lakes in a river–lake system have a significant impact on their water quality and on the spatial distribution of pollutants in their bottom sediments and in macrophytes located along their route. The assimilation capabilities of cascading river–lake systems result from their reaction to environmental stressors in the form of anthropogenic factors. They act as natural biogeochemical barriers, limiting the transport of pollutants outside ecosystems. In-depth knowledge of the processes taking place in the river–lake systems enables analyses aimed at forecasting the directions and intensity of these changes and predicting the response of the river–lake systems to the loads from the catchment areas. The collected information makes it possible to create simulations of processes occurring in river–lake systems, which allows for effective action to be taken to protect surface waters. This article provides an overview of available literature, presenting significant research results which enable an understanding of these processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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17 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between the Water Quality Elements of Water Bodies and the Hydrometric Parameters: Case Study in Lithuania

by Laima Česonienė, Daiva Šileikienė and Midona Dapkienė

Water 2020, 12(2), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020500 - 12 Feb 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2998

Abstract

The larger and deeper lakes and ponds are, the better the conditions for spontaneous water purification, slower hydrobiological processes and slower accumulation of sediment. The goal of this research was to assess the ecological status of selected Lithuanian lentic water bodies and the impact of morphometric indicators on water quality. Multiple studies were conducted on 29 lakes and 10 ponds located throughout Lithuania in 2014–2018. The study proved that higher maxima and average depths of lakes correlate with lower P_total, N_total yield and macrophyte taxonomic composition values, indicating higher ecological status class. Higher chlorophyll a EQR, ichthyofauna taxonomic composition indicator for Lithuanian fish index LFI and Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrate index indicates a higher ecological class. Larger lake areas contain smaller amounts of P_total and N_total, indicating better ecological status class; higher ichthyophane taxonomic composition in LFI, zoobenthos taxonomic composition indicator for Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrates index (LLMI) and taxonomic composition of macrophytes MRI indicate better ecological status class. Larger lake areas contain lower chlorophyll a EQR values. Rapid water exchange improves the condition of the lake in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll a EQR values. The faster the water exchange in the lake is, the lower the P_total and N_total values; faster water exchange in the lake also means higher chlorophyll a EQR values. However, slower water exchange indicates better ecological status of the macrophytic taxonomic composition of the MRI, the ichthyofauna taxonomic composition and the Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrates index indicator of zoobenthos. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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10 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Power Consumption and Current Efficiency of Electrochemical and Electrobiological Rotating Disk Contactors Removing Nutrients from Wastewater Generated in Soil-Less Plant Cultivation Systems

by Joanna Rodziewicz, Artur Mielcarek, Wojciech Janczukowicz and Kamil Bryszewski

Water 2020, 12(1), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010213 - 12 Jan 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2582

Abstract

The study was conducted in a one-stage rotating electrobiological disk contactor (REBDC) and a rotating electrochemical disk contactor (RECDC). Synthetic wastewater with characteristics similar to the wastewater from soil-less cultivation of tomatoes was used in the experiment. Current efficiency (CE) values, that express the denitrification performance of bio- and electrochemical reactors, were higher in the electrobiological contactor than in the electrochemical one. Combining biological processes with electrochemical processes in the electrobiological contactor resulted in almost 20% higher current efficiency in the contactor operated at a density of 0.63 A/m² and hydraulic retention time (HRT) = 4 h. The study showed that, in both the electrochemical and the electrobiological contactor, current density increase and hydraulic retention time extension increased electric power consumption (E) during phosphorus compounds removal and simultaneously lowered current efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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11 pages, 2196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Microalgal Biomass Using Aquaculture Wastewater as Growth Medium

by Małgorzata Hawrot-Paw, Adam Koniuszy, Małgorzata Gałczyńska, Grzegorz Zając and Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz

Water 2020, 12(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010106 - 29 Dec 2019

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 5462

Abstract

Aquaculture wastewater contains a huge amount of substances that can cause environmental pollution. However, microalgae can absorb these compounds and convert them into useful biomass. In this study, Chlorella minutissima was grown in the wastewater resulting from saline aquaculture. The microalgae were found to effectively utilize nitrogen and phosphorus in the wastewater for its growth. During wastewater treatment, the cell density increased almost fivefold compared to the initial value (OD₆₈₀ 0.502). Moreover, batch culture resulted in the maximum biomass concentration and productivity of 4.77 g/L and 0.55 g/L/day, respectively. The contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in wastewater decreased by 88% and over 99%, respectively. In addition, the content of N-NO₃ was reduced by 88.6%, N-NO₂ by 74.3%, and dissolved orthophosphates (V) by 99%. At the beginning and throughout the experiment, the content of N-NH₄ in wastewater remained below 0.05 mg/L. Furthermore, a high lipid content of 46.4% (w/w) was also obtained from the studied microalgae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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21 pages, 11295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of the Stability of Chemical Composition of Therapeutic Groundwater

by Karolina Kurek, Agnieszka Operacz, Piotr Bugajski, Dariusz Młyński, Andrzej Wałęga and Jan Pawełek

Water 2020, 12(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010103 - 27 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2580

Abstract

The aim was to assess the stability of the chemical composition of the groundwater in terms of maintaining the status of therapeutic waters in accordance with the Geological and Mining Law in Poland. The basis for the analysis was the results of stationary observations for nine hydrogeological wells for the needs of the Mineral Water Bottling Plant “Piwniczanka”. The database used for the analysis covered the years 2008–2018 and concerned the content of selected ions as well as total dissolved solids and CO₂ content. For each of the analyzed boreholes, the analysis of the variability of the content was performed using graphical Schoeller–Berkaloff plots and statistical investigations (GWSDAT and STATISTICA). This hydrogeochemical investigation has demonstrated that groundwater in the Piwniczna area occur as natural “carbonated waters” and “waters containing carbon dioxide”. Summing up the analysis, it can be stated that the content of basic ions of the exploited water show a small variability and does not threaten the loss of therapeutic water status for seven of the boreholes. Two of them have a little risk of loss of therapeutic water status. Variable content of sodium ions causes changes in the hydrogeochemical type of water without affecting the maintenance of the status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Management under a Climate Change)

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