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Advances in Wastewater Treatment using Zeolite and Anammox
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Advances in Wastewater Treatment using Zeolite and Anammox

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2019) | Viewed by 20143

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Mark E. Grismer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Interests: water movement in the watershed and shallow subsurface and associated water quality problems; infiltration and multi-phase transport in soils, water quality in wetland systems; environmental ethics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the past two decades, new approaches to nitrogen treatment methods have developed in the laboratory and some tested in pilot-scale treatment plants; two of the more promising methods include use of zeolite aggregates and anammox bacteria in treatment reactors.  Zeolites are a relatively commonly found deposit around the world whose aggregates have relatively low density, some internal porosity and unusually large cation-exchange capacity (CEC) for the type of mineral.  Some research has explored use of the zeolite aggregates as an ammonium adsorption substrate.  Anammox bacteria were discovered in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) anaerobic digesters and in several marine environments.  They were key towards closing nitrogen balance estimates in WWTP and estuary-marine studies and found to readily convert ammonia ions using nitrite to nitrogen gas.  Several partial-nitritation wastewater treatment reactors have been developed that use anammox bacteria to facilitate nitrogen removal.  What may be limiting broader application of these methods at full-scale WWTPs to some degree is the limited availability of the operational knowledge necessary to maintain these reactors under a range of wastewater conditions (e.g. temperatures, and nitrogen, TSS and COD loading).  This Special Issue invites authors to provide information applicable to operation of pilot-scale treatment ‘reactors’ employing zeolites, or other effective substrates, and/or anammox bacteria in the treatment process.  In addition, we are seeking articles that demonstrate improved energy efficiency per unit of nitrogen removal from wastewater and decreased greenhouse gas emmissions.

Prof. Mark E. Grismer
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wastewater treatment
  • nitrogen removal
  • zeolites
  • anammox
  • greenhouse gases and wastewater treatment
  • energy efficiency and treatment

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2911 KiB  
Article
Efficient Nitrogen Removal of Reject Water Generated from Anaerobic Digester Treating Sewage Sludge and Livestock Manure by Combining Anammox and Autotrophic Sulfur Denitrification Processes
by Kiwook Kwon, Hyosun Kim, Woojin Kim and Junbae Lee
Water 2019, 11(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020204 - 24 Jan 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4622
Abstract
The reject water from anaerobic digestion with high (Total Nitrogen) TN concentration was treated by a demonstration plant combining the anammox process and SOD (SOD®; Sulfur Oxidation Denitrification) process. The anaerobic digestion was a co-digestion of livestock wastewater, food waste water, [...] Read more.
The reject water from anaerobic digestion with high (Total Nitrogen) TN concentration was treated by a demonstration plant combining the anammox process and SOD (SOD®; Sulfur Oxidation Denitrification) process. The anaerobic digestion was a co-digestion of livestock wastewater, food waste water, and sewage sludge so that the TN concentration and conductivity of the reject water were very high. This anammox plant was the first anammox demonstration plant in South Korea. The maximum TN removal efficiency of 80% was achieved for the anammox reactor under nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.45 kg-N/m3·d. As a result of decreasing the dilution of the reject water, the influent conductivity and NLR values were increased to 7.8 mS/cm and 0.7 kg/m3·d, causing a rapid decrease in the TN removal efficiency. The sludge concentration from the hydro-cyclone overflow was about 40 mg-MLVSS/L in which small sized anammox granules were detected. It was proven that the increase in (Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids) MLVSS concentration in the anammox reactor was not easy under high influent conductivity and NLR. 97% of NO2−-N+NO3−-N generated from the anammox process could be treated successfully by the SOD reactor. A TN removal efficiency of 35% under poor annamox treatment could increase to 67% by applying the SOD reactor post treatment for the removal of NO3−-N. The dominant anammox bacteria in the anammox reactor was identified as Brocadia fulgida and 9.3% (genus level) of the bacteria out of the total bacteria were anammox bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Treatment using Zeolite and Anammox)
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12 pages, 3374 KiB  
Article
Upscaling the Zeolite-Anammox Process: Treatment of Anaerobic Digester Filtrate
by Robert S. Collison and Mark E. Grismer
Water 2018, 10(11), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111553 - 01 Nov 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3411
Abstract
State regulatory and other agencies identified that nitrogen loading from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging around its periphery has adversely affected the San Francisco Bay (SFB) water quality. Here we consider the upscaling of the zeolite-anammox process treatment to nitrogen removal from [...] Read more.
State regulatory and other agencies identified that nitrogen loading from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging around its periphery has adversely affected the San Francisco Bay (SFB) water quality. Here we consider the upscaling of the zeolite-anammox process treatment to nitrogen removal from relatively high-ammonia content (~500 NH3-N mg/L) anaerobic-digester (AD) filtrate to facilitate reductions in WWTP nitrogen discharge. First, by operating a 210 L barrel reactor as a trickling filter with a 10% by volume initial bio-zeolite seeding fraction, we found that 6–8 weeks elapsed before the anammox activity became apparent. Moreover, the 10-mm zeolite aggregate reactor achieved an 89% ammonia-N removal compared to the 85% achieved by the 20-mm aggregate. We then evaluated the performance of the trickling-filter design in a 68 m3 Baker tank nearly filled with 20-mm zeolite aggregate seeded with bio-zeolite at about 1.5% by volume. At an average inflow of 42 m3/day, about one year elapsed before achieving adequate anammox activity and acceptable treatment. Unfortunately, inadequate suspended solids pre-treatment of the AD filtrate resulted in clogging problems in the Baker tank reactor, so we evaluated aerobic-anaerobic cycling within the tank and then operated it (anaerobically) as a nitrate-scavenging tank. In the final anaerobic operational stage, nitrate effluent concentrations were <1 mg/L, perhaps due to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium by the anammox process, but ammonia removal fractions were only about 47%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Treatment using Zeolite and Anammox)
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11 pages, 911 KiB  
Article
Efficient Ammonium Removal by Bacteria Rhodopseudomonas Isolated from Natural Landscape Water: China Case Study
by Xuejiao Huang, Jiupai Ni, Chong Yang, Mi Feng, Zhenlun Li and Deti Xie
Water 2018, 10(8), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081107 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4652
Abstract
In this study, we isolated a strain of photosynthetic bacteria from landscape water located in Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and named it Smobiisys501. Smobiisys501 was Rhodopseudomonas sp. according to its cell morphological properties and absorption spectrum analysis of living cells. The analysis of [...] Read more.
In this study, we isolated a strain of photosynthetic bacteria from landscape water located in Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and named it Smobiisys501. Smobiisys501 was Rhodopseudomonas sp. according to its cell morphological properties and absorption spectrum analysis of living cells. The analysis of the 16S rDNA amplification sequence with specific primers of photosynthetic bacteria showed that the homology between Smobiisys501 and Rhodopseudomonas sp. was 100%, and the alignment results of protein sequences of the bacterial chlorophyll Y subunit showed that Smobiisys501 and Rhodopseudomonas palustris were the most similar, with a similarity of more than 92%. However, Smobiisys501 could not utilize glucose and mannitol as a carbon source and had a low fatty acid content, which were different from the related strains of the genus Rhodopseudomonas. Moreover, the DNA-DNA relatedness was only 42.2 ± 3.3% between Smobiisys501 and the closest strain Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Smobiisys501 grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in the presence of yeast extract, and it could efficiently remove ammonium (99.67% removal efficiency) from synthetic ammonium wastewater. All the results indicated that Smobiisys501 was a novel species of Rhodopseudomonas, with the ability to remove ammonium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Treatment using Zeolite and Anammox)
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9 pages, 30384 KiB  
Article
Using Ionic Liquid Modified Zeolite as a Permeable Reactive Wall to Limit Arsenic Contamination of a Freshwater Lake—Pilot Tests
by Libing Liao, Zhaohui Li, Guocheng Lv, Lefu Mei, Haijuan Wang, Shuliu Shi, Yaozu Wei, Xiaoyu Wang, Ping Ning and Yanke Wei
Water 2018, 10(4), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040448 - 09 Apr 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3340
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination of surface water has long been a threat to human health. Extensive studies were made at the bench-scale for the removal of As from water. Commonly-used materials for the removal of As include Al and Fe hydroxides that will form [...] Read more.
Arsenic (As) contamination of surface water has long been a threat to human health. Extensive studies were made at the bench-scale for the removal of As from water. Commonly-used materials for the removal of As include Al and Fe hydroxides that will form complexes with As. Recently, modification of Earth materials to reverse their surface charge to positive to reduce the mobility of arsenite and arsenate also attracted great attention. In 2008, a severe As contamination was reported in the lake of Yangzonghai, Yunnan, China. Although the As concentration was maintained below 0.05 mg/L for the lake, after 28 months of restoration, the discharge of mine tailings from a nearby fertilizer plants was still one of the contributors to the As in the lake. In this study, zeolite was modified by ionic liquids and the modified materials were installed as a permeable reactive wall (PRW) to contain the As movement. Preliminary results showed more than an 80% reduction in As after surface water moved through the PWR over the six-month sampling period confirming the effectiveness of ionic liquid-modified Earth materials for environmental application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Treatment using Zeolite and Anammox)
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12 pages, 1265 KiB  
Article
Upscaling the Zeolite-Anammox Process: Treatment of Secondary Effluent
by Robert S. Collison and Mark E. Grismer
Water 2018, 10(3), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030236 - 25 Feb 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3434
Abstract
Water quality in San Francisco Bay is reportedly adversely affected by nitrogen loading from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging around the periphery of the Bay. Here, we consider a zeolite-anammox system to remove ammonia and nitrate from secondary-treated wastewater at ambient temperatures [...] Read more.
Water quality in San Francisco Bay is reportedly adversely affected by nitrogen loading from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging around the periphery of the Bay. Here, we consider a zeolite-anammox system to remove ammonia and nitrate from secondary-treated wastewater at ambient temperatures (12–30 °C). Until now, use of anammox bacteria has been largely limited to treatment of high-ammonia content wastewater at warm temperatures (30–40 °C). Specifically, we investigate upscaling the zeolite-anammox system to nitrogen removal from relatively low-ammonia content (~35 NH3-N mg/L) effluent using gravity-fed 0.7 m wide and 0.17 m deep linear-channel reactors within pilot plants located at either the WWTP or some eight kilometers away. Following establishment, we monitored ammonia and nitrate concentrations along one reactor bi-weekly and only inflow–outflow concentrations at the other for more than a year. We found nearly complete ammonia removal within the first 22 m of reactor consistent with the theoretical 89% nitrogen removal capacity associated with the nitrogen-conversion stoichiometry of anammox bacteria. We also determined degradation parameters of a constant 1.41 mg NH3-N/L per hour in the first 15 m, or 20.7 g NH3-N/m3/day for overall reactor volume. At the higher flowrate of the second reactor, we achieved a removal rate of 42 g NH3-N/m3/day. Overall, the linear-channel reactors operated with minimal maintenance, no additional energy inputs (e.g., for aeration) and consistently achieved NH3-N discharge concentrations ~1 mg/L despite fluctuating temperatures and WWTP effluent concentrations of 20–75 mg NH3-N/L. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Treatment using Zeolite and Anammox)
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