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Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Hydrology...
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Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Climate Change

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 7856

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pedro Pérez-Cutillas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geography, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
Interests: GIS; remote sensing; environmental analysis; water management; hydrology
Dr. Isabel Banos-González

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Science Education, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
Interests: socio-ecological systems; environmental modelling; GIS, sustainability; science education
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The increase in temperature and evapotranspiration expected under the current global warming scenario, with an overall decrease in precipitation, is changing hydrological responses, with significant implications for water management. Climate change may, therefore, lead to substantial impacts on hydrology and the availability of water resources, resulting in changes in surface runoff and aquifer recharge.

Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing provide analysis and modelling tools, together with large datasets from sensors of different spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions, which allow the multi-scale assessment of variations within hydrological processes. The hydrological response to the modification of climatic parameters can be investigated by means of hydrological simulation and spatial modelling analyses, enabling the exploration of different scenarios which are necessary for prevention and decision making.

This Special Issue will focus broadly on applications developed from GIS and remote sensing for the research of changes in hydrological processes caused by the effects of climate change. More specifically, topics of interest include the geomorphological transformations of watercourses and basins; modifications in land use and land cover; the management and quality of water resources; and the effect of natural risks on the surrounding productive activities.

Dr. Pedro Pérez-Cutillas
Dr. Isabel Banos-González
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrology
  • hydrological simulation
  • land use/land cover change
  • water resource management
  • water quality
  • Geographic Information Systems
  • remote sensing
  • spatial modelling
  • climate change

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 19155 KiB  
Article
Water Balance and the Moist Planetary Boundary Layer Driven by Land Use and Land Cover Change across the Amazon Basin
by Celso Bandeira de Melo Ribeiro, Binayak P. Mohanty, Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho, Eduarda Trindade Filgueiras, Luciano Nobrega Rodrigues Xavier and Afonso Augusto Magalhães de Araújo
Water 2023, 15(23), 4052; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234052 - 22 Nov 2023
Viewed by 935
Abstract
Despite the overall extension of the Amazon Basin (approximately 6,000,000 km2),which encompasses such a complex ecosystem and territories belonging to seven different nations, it is worth mentioning that environmental assessments related to changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in [...] Read more.
Despite the overall extension of the Amazon Basin (approximately 6,000,000 km2),which encompasses such a complex ecosystem and territories belonging to seven different nations, it is worth mentioning that environmental assessments related to changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in this region are often conducted respecting geopolitical boundaries associated with each country or taking into account the so-called Amazon biome. With the purpose of prospecting the intricate and hidden hydrological patterns, we undertake an in-depth evaluation of the water balance along the 2001–2021 time span across the whole basin, whose behavior depends on the features deriving from the metamorphoses in land use and land cover. To accomplish that task, the influence of the components of the water balance, namely rainfall and evapotranspiration, jointly with the terrestrial topographic mapping, are examined to investigate the interactions among the physical mechanisms that make up the hydrological cycle and the corresponding physical hydrological processes triggered by deforestation and reforestation in the region. More specifically, the modeling approach was rigorously designed to also consider, separately or not, Negro, Solimões, Madeira, Tapajós and Xingu hydrographic sub-basins, which are the most important ones of the Amazon Basin. The results highlight that in the southern region of the Amazon, specifically within the Madeira river sub-basin, the lowest forest coverage is observed (56.0%), whereas in the northern Negro river sub-basin, the most notable forest coverage is observed (85.0%). The most preserved forest areas, such as the Negro and Solimões river sub-basins, with percentages of 81.9% and 74.2%, respectively, have higher annual rates of precipitation and evapotranspiration over time. On the other hand, regions that suffered the most intense deforestation along the time period studied, such as the Madeira, Tapajós and Xingu sub-basins, have lower annual rates of precipitation and evapotranspiration, with preservation percentages of 54.6%, 62.6% and 70.7%, respectively. As the pace of deforestation slowed between 2003 and 2013, annual precipitation rates increased by 12.0%, while evapotranspiration decreased by 2.0%. The hydrological findings of this paper highlight th predominant role of the forest in the context of the global water balance of the Amazon Basin and the potential to also produce distinct impacts within different parts of the basin in terms of having more or less rainfall and evapotranspiration. In addition, those variabilities in the hydrological operational components and mechanisms due to changes in land cover and land use also reveal the potential impacts that could be expected in the surrounding areas, closer or farther, notably beyond the limits of the Amazon Basin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Climate Change)
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14 pages, 5603 KiB  
Article
Estimating Water Transparency Using Sentinel-2 Images in a Shallow Hypertrophic Lagoon (The Albufera of Valencia, Spain)
by Juan V. Molner, Juan M. Soria, Rebeca Pérez-González and Xavier Sòria-Perpinyà
Water 2023, 15(20), 3669; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203669 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1143
Abstract
Water transparency, a crucial environmental indicator, was assessed during fieldwork via Secchi disk depth (ZSD) measurements. Three optical models (R490/R560, R490/R705, and R560/R705) were explored to establish a robust algorithm for ZSD estimation. Through extensive field sampling and laboratory analyses, [...] Read more.
Water transparency, a crucial environmental indicator, was assessed during fieldwork via Secchi disk depth (ZSD) measurements. Three optical models (R490/R560, R490/R705, and R560/R705) were explored to establish a robust algorithm for ZSD estimation. Through extensive field sampling and laboratory analyses, weekly data spanning 2018 to 2023 were collected, including water transparency, temperature, conductivity, and chlorophyll-a concentration. Remote sensing imagery from the Sentinel-2 mission was employed, and the images were processed using SNAP 9.0 software. The R560/R705 index, suitable for turbid lakes, proved to be the most optimal, with an R2 of 0.6149 in calibration and 0.916 during validation. In contrast, the R490/R705 and R490/R560 indices obtained R2 values of 0.2805 and 0.0043 respectively. The algorithm calibrated in the present study improved the pre-existing algorithm, with an NRMSE of 17.8% versus 20.7% of the previous one for estimating the Secchi disk depth in the Albufera de Valencia, highlighting the importance of developing specific algorithms for specific water body characteristics. The study contributes to improved water quality assessment and resource management, underscoring the value of remote sensing in environmental research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Climate Change)
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19 pages, 88465 KiB  
Article
Delineating the Potential Areas of Rainwater Harvesting in Arid Regions Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
by Mohamed Abdelkareem, Abbas M. Mansour and Ahmed Akawy
Water 2023, 15(20), 3592; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203592 - 13 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1335
Abstract
Remote sensing (RS) data have allowed prospective zones of water accumulation (PZWA) that have been harvested during rainstorms to be revealed. Climatic, hydrologic, and geological data have been combined with radar and optical remote sensing data. A wide array of remote sensing data, [...] Read more.
Remote sensing (RS) data have allowed prospective zones of water accumulation (PZWA) that have been harvested during rainstorms to be revealed. Climatic, hydrologic, and geological data have been combined with radar and optical remote sensing data. A wide array of remote sensing data, including SRTM, Sentinel-1&2, Landsat-8, TRMM, and ALOS/PALSAR data, were processed to reveal the topographical characteristics of catchments (elevation, slope, curvature, and TRI) and geological (lineaments, lithology, and radar intensity), hydrological (Dd, TWI, and SPI), ecological (NDVI, InSAR CCD), and rainfall zones in Wadi Queih (WQ), which is an important drainage system that drains into the Red Sea. Radar data improved the structural elements and showed that the downstream area is shaped by the northeast–southwest (NE-SW) fault trend. After giving each evidential GIS layer a weight by utilizing a GIS-based, knowledge-driven methodology, the 13 GIS layers were integrated and combined. According to the findings, the studied basin can be classified into six zones based on how water resources are held and captured, which are very low, low, moderate, high, very high, and excellent. These zones correspond to 6.20, 14.01, 21.26, 36.57, 17.35, and 4.59% of the entire area. The results suggested a specific location for a lake that can be used to store rainwater, with a capacity of ~240 million m3 in the case of increasing rainfall yield. Such a lake complements the present lake at the end of WQ, which can hold about 1 million m3. InSAR coherence change detection (CCD) derived from Sentinel-1 data revealed noticeable changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) areas. Areas that displayed changes in surface water signatures and agricultural and human activities were consistent with the predicted very high and excellent zones. Thus, the predicted model is an important approach that can aid planners and governments. Overall, the integration of optical and radar microwaves in RS and GIS techniques can reveal promising areas of rainwater and water accumulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Climate Change)
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35 pages, 17176 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Retrospective Morphological Channel Adjustments Using High-Resolution Differential Digital Elevation Models versus Predicted Sediment Delivery and Stream Power Variations
by Carmelo Conesa-García, Alberto Martínez-Salvador, Carlos Puig-Mengual, Francisco Martínez-Capel and Pedro Pérez-Cutillas
Water 2023, 15(15), 2697; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152697 - 26 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1068
Abstract
This work proposes a methodological approach applied to ephemeral gravel-bed streams to verify the change in the magnitude and frequency of hydrological events affecting the morphological dynamics and sediment budget in this type of channel. For the case study, the Azohía Rambla, located [...] Read more.
This work proposes a methodological approach applied to ephemeral gravel-bed streams to verify the change in the magnitude and frequency of hydrological events affecting the morphological dynamics and sediment budget in this type of channel. For the case study, the Azohía Rambla, located in southeastern Spain, was chosen, emphasizing the research on two reference riverbed sections (RCRs): an upper one, with a predominance of erosion, and a middle one, where processes of incision, transport, and deposition were involved. First, this approach focuses on relationships between peak discharges and sediment budgets during the period 2018–2022. For this purpose, water level measurements from pressure sensors, a One-Dimensional Hydrodynamic model, and findings from comparative analyses of high-resolution differential digital elevation models (HRDEM of Difference-HRDoD) based on SfM-MVS and LiDAR datasets were used. In a second phase, the GeoWEPP model was applied to the period 1996–2022 in order to simulate runoff and sediment yield at the event scale for the watersheds draining into both RCRs. During the calibration phase, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to detect the most influential parameters in the model and confirm its capacity to simulate peak flow and sediment delivery in the area described above. Values of NS (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency) and PBIAS (percent bias) equal to 0.86 and 7.81%, respectively, were found in the calibration period, while these indices were 0.81 and −4.1% in the validation period. Finally, different event class patterns (ECPs) were established for the monitoring period (2018–2022), according to flow stage and morphological channel adjustments (overtopping, bankfull and sub-bankfull, and half-sub-bankfull), and then retrospectively extrapolated to stages of the prior simulated period (1996–2018) from their typical sequences (PECPs). The results revealed a significant increase in the number of events and PECPs leading to lower bed incision rates and higher vertical accretion, which denotes a progressive increase in bed armoring and bank erosion processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Climate Change)
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27 pages, 23166 KiB  
Article
Evolution of the Chenglingji–Datong Channel in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Its Drivers
by Xiaoai Dai, Wenyu Li, Shijin Chen, Jianwen Zeng, Chenbo Tong, Jiayun Zhou, Tianyu Xiang, Junjun Zhang, Cheng Li, Yakang Ye, Li Xu and Xiaoli Jiang
Water 2023, 15(8), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081484 - 11 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2212
Abstract
In recent years, the water–sand composition of the Yangtze River channel has changed due to the influence of human factors, especially the construction of water reservoirs such as the Three Gorges Project. Changing water–sand conditions have a long-term impact on the shaping of [...] Read more.
In recent years, the water–sand composition of the Yangtze River channel has changed due to the influence of human factors, especially the construction of water reservoirs such as the Three Gorges Project. Changing water–sand conditions have a long-term impact on the shaping of the river channel morphology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the erosion retreat of local river sections has caused great harm to embankment projects. This paper focuses on the river evolution mechanism of the river channel from Chenglingji to Datong in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River over the past 31 years. Landsat remote sensing images from 1989–2019 were used to extract and interpret water bodies, river shorelines, and central bars in the study area using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) combined with visual interpretation. We used near analysis to study the morphological evolution characteristics of the river, the channel, and selected typical river reaches for comparative analysis. We found out that the overall change in river morphology between 1989 and 2019 was small in the horizontal direction, but the local area changed significantly. Considerable scouring occurred in the vertical direction. Combining hydrological and meteorological data, we investigated the effects of the Three Gorges Dam, instream sand mining, boundary conditions, vegetation cover on both sides of the riverbanks, and aspects of storm flooding in the watershed on the evolution of the river. The study indicated that the geological conditions on both sides of the river, the implementation of the bank protection project, and the improvement of vegetation cover on both sides of the river have made the riverbanks more resistant to scouring. However, heavy rainfall floods, the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and sand mining activities in the river channel make the river channel more susceptible to scouring. Based on the calculation of the slope change rate of the accumulated volume, it was found that the runoff is mainly influenced by precipitations, while the sand transport is mainly affected by human activities. This study shows that natural and anthropogenic activities affect the equilibrium state of the river’s water and sediment to varying degree. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Climate Change)
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