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Water
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Microbial and Chemical Sewer Processes
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Microbial and Chemical Sewer Processes

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 10908

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jes Vollertsen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: stormwater; wastewater; urban surface waters; microplastic quantification; micropollutants; chemical processes; biological processes; water system engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: environmental chemistry; urban pollution; water quality; stormwater management; analytical chemistry; process modelling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sewer systems have traditionally been constructed to facilitate safe, efficient, and cost-effective collection and conveyance of wastewater and stormwater runoff from urban and industrial areas. Consequently, sewer design has primarily been based on physical considerations, e.g., in terms of flow and storage capacity. However, wastewater is a highly active matrix containing a wide array of microorganisms and substrates as well as different electron donors. Under dry-weather conditions, chemical and biological sewer processes may exert pronounced effects on sewer performance and on the interactions between the sewer and subsequent wastewater treatment processes. Particularly, problems related to the formation and fate of hydrogen sulfide in sewer systems has received considerable attention in the scientific literature. This has significantly advanced the understanding of many of the underlying processes responsible for the associated problems in terms of odor, toxicity and corrosion. However, there are still many unresolved research questions.

This special issue of Water accepts papers that aim to fill in these research gaps and provide knowledge and technology development for cost-effective and efficient corrosion and odor management in sewers. This includes papers focusing on:

  • Sulfide formation;
  • Odors in sewers;
  • Concrete corrosion;
  • Air-water mass transfer;
  • Sewer air-movement and ventilation;
  • Odor and corrosion mitigation techniques;
  • Sewer process modeling;
  • Dry weather interactions between sewers and treatment plants.

Prof. Jes Vollertsen
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • concrete corrosion
  • hydrogen sulfide
  • odor
  • process modeling
  • sewer gas
  • ventilation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 5793 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Different Magnesium Hydroxide Coatings Applied on Concrete Substrates (Sewer Pipes) for Protection against Bio-Corrosion
by Domna Merachtsaki, Eirini-Chrysanthi Tsardaka, Eleftherios K. Anastasiou, Haris Yiannoulakis and Anastasios Zouboulis
Water 2021, 13(9), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091227 - 28 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2005
Abstract
Several coatings and linings have been examined and used for the protection of sewer concrete pipes, against mainly biogenic-provoked corrosion due to the production of bio-sulfuric acid, leading to the degradation of the pipes’ structure and eventually, to their collapse and need for [...] Read more.
Several coatings and linings have been examined and used for the protection of sewer concrete pipes, against mainly biogenic-provoked corrosion due to the production of bio-sulfuric acid, leading to the degradation of the pipes’ structure and eventually, to their collapse and need for costly replacement. This study aimed to examine the potential differences between five different magnesium hydroxide coatings, prepared from powders presenting different purity, surface area and pore size distribution, when applied as corrosion protection agents. These coatings were tested by using accelerated sulfuric acid spraying tests, both in dry and wet coating conditions. The coating adhesion ability and their microstructure were examined by the application of pull-off measurements and of SEM analysis, respectively and were found to present certain differences, regarding the adhesion ability and the surface morphologies. During the acid spraying procedure, the surface pH and the mass change of coated concrete specimens were recorded daily. The surface pH was reduced towards acidic values and the mass reduction approached almost −20% in comparison with the initial coating mass for certain cases. Additionally, the hardness and roughness of concrete surface under the coating layer (i.e., the interface between the coating and the surface) after four days of acid spraying, exhibited much smaller changes (due to protection) in contrast to the uncoated concrete specimens (used as blank/comparison experiments), which were found to be highly affected/corroded. The formation of concrete corrosion and coating by-products, as noticed after the respective chemical reactions, was recorded by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and the respective quantification of obtained results. In all the coated specimens only very small amounts of the major by-product (gypsum) was observed, indicating that the concrete surface was sufficiently protected from sulfuric acid attack. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial and Chemical Sewer Processes)
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21 pages, 5237 KiB  
Article
Dosing Free Nitrous Acid as an Alternative Sulphide Control Technology for Pressure Sewers in Germany
by Daneish Despot, Luisa Reinhold, Adrian Augustyniak and Matthias Barjenbruch
Water 2021, 13(8), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081015 - 08 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2676
Abstract
Sulphide build-up in pressure sewers has been identified as the main cause for the occurrence of odour and corrosion in sewer systems. Despite the efforts to optimize commonly used control technologies such as nitrate and iron salts to reduce sulphide emission, continuous addition [...] Read more.
Sulphide build-up in pressure sewers has been identified as the main cause for the occurrence of odour and corrosion in sewer systems. Despite the efforts to optimize commonly used control technologies such as nitrate and iron salts to reduce sulphide emission, continuous addition of these chemicals is still required. A biocidal agent such as free nitrous acid can be added intermittently, less frequently, and in smaller quantities whilst achieving total sulphide control. So far, laboratory and field studies in Australia and the USA have successfully proven and applied the use of this control technology, exhibiting its strong biocidal effects during intermittent addition. In this study, nine trials were made to assess the application of the free nitrous acid (FNA) as an alternative sulphide control technology in Germany. The sewer pilot plant of the Berlin Water Utility Company was used to perform the trials at a technical scale using a supply of raw sewage. FNA exposure times ranging from 5 to 24 h in varying concentrations were investigated. The effectiveness of the FNA treatment was monitored using the online hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas and dissolved-sulphide sensors installed in the sewer pilot plant. Effective sulphide control was only possible during dosing periods, with rapid resumption of sulphide production for the trials with exposure times of <12 h and concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.56 mg HNO2-N L−1 suggesting a slight inhibitory effect. A more pronounced biocidal effect was observed for the trials exposed to FNA treatment for 24 h at concentrations >0.29 mg HNO2-N L−1. Overall, the trials of this study demonstrated that the biofilms were FNA resistant and that the concentrations and exposure times used were inadequate to develop an effective intermittent dosing strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial and Chemical Sewer Processes)
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11 pages, 960 KiB  
Article
Model Parameters for Aerobic Biological Sulfide Oxidation in Sewer Wastewater
by Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen and Jes Vollertsen
Water 2021, 13(7), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070981 - 02 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3037
Abstract
Sulfide related odor and corrosion are two of the major problems associated with the operation and maintenance of sewer networks. The extent of the problems is governed by several complex and interrelated processes. Sulfide oxidation is typically the most important process for sulfide [...] Read more.
Sulfide related odor and corrosion are two of the major problems associated with the operation and maintenance of sewer networks. The extent of the problems is governed by several complex and interrelated processes. Sulfide oxidation is typically the most important process for sulfide removal in wastewater from aerobic gravity sewers. Despite the significance of the process, little is known about the significance of the growth of sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) during the transport of wastewater. Biological sulfide oxidation in wastewater from sewers was investigated in a series of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) experiments. The experiments showed that, for oxygen nonlimiting conditions, sulfate was produced, with elemental sulfur as an intermediate. During each experiment, the activity of the sulfide oxidizing bacteria increased significantly. This was interpreted as the result of bacterial growth related to the oxidation of intermediately stored elemental sulfur. A model concept describing biological sulfide oxidation, with intermediary storage of elemental sulfur and associated growth, was developed. The model was calibrated against the experimental results. The observed average growth rate and yield constant for the SOB were determined at 1.98 d−1 and 0.17 g Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) per g sulfur, respectively. These values correspond to reported values for mixed cultures of autotrophic SOB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial and Chemical Sewer Processes)
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12 pages, 3830 KiB  
Article
The Inclusion of Acidic and Stormwater Flows in Concrete Sewer Corrosion Mitigation Studies
by Georgios Fytianos, Anastasios Tsikrikis, Costas A. Anagnostopoulos, Efthimios Papastergiadis and Petros Samaras
Water 2021, 13(3), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030261 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2224
Abstract
Concrete sewer pipes can be deteriorated by sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which is created by the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the presence of certain bacteria inside the sewers. This process is called biocorrosion. In this paper, H2SO [...] Read more.
Concrete sewer pipes can be deteriorated by sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which is created by the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the presence of certain bacteria inside the sewers. This process is called biocorrosion. In this paper, H2SO4 (i.e., chemical, non-biogenic) was used to study acid attack on concrete samples. The authors conducted experiments under different acid flows and concentrations, to account for the conditions prevailing in sewage networks exposed to flowing acidic waters. The effect of intermittent stormwater on the removal of protective layers was studied in addition to constant flow runs. Specimens’ erosion depth was measured with a Vernier micrometer. In addition, unconfined compression at an axial strain rate of 0.0016 mm/mm/min was used for the estimation of unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus. Moreover, the formation of gypsum as a protective layer and its role in biocorrosion was discussed. From this study, it was concluded that although the utilization of constant flowrates of acidic waters represents an important indication of corrosion mechanism, intermittent sewage and water flows should be taken into account, corresponding to real conditions in sewage networks, and resulting into accelerated concrete corrosion. Stormwater in combined sewers could remove the protective gypsum layer, thus accelerating chemical corrosion; however, in the presence of biogenic H2SO4, the removal of gypsum by excess flows due to stormwater could have a positive effect on corrosion mitigation. Finally, for combined sewers, selected coatings should withstand the effect of stormwater and high-velocity water flow tests should be included in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial and Chemical Sewer Processes)
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