Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400
CivilEng civileng	-	2.8	2020	24.4 Days	CHF 1200
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Eng eng	-	2.1	2020	21.5 Days	CHF 1200
Materials materials	3.1	5.8	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Remote Sensing remotesensing	4.2	8.3	2009	23.9 Days	CHF 2700
Sensors sensors	3.4	7.3	2001	18.6 Days	CHF 2600

15 pages, 6409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Curing Conditions on Pore Structure of Ultra-High-Strength Shotcrete (UHSSC) Based on X-ray Computed Tomography

by Shijie Xiao, Jianyu Yang, Zelin Liu, Weijun Yang and Jiangang He

Materials 2024, 17(16), 4094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164094 - 18 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1014

Abstract

Shotcrete is widely used in mine and civil engineering as supporting structure. A new type of ultra-high-strength shotcrete (UHSSC) with viscosity-enhancing agent was taken as the research object in this paper. A microstructure model of UHSSC under different curing conditions (standard curing, natural [...] Read more.

Shotcrete is widely used in mine and civil engineering as supporting structure. A new type of ultra-high-strength shotcrete (UHSSC) with viscosity-enhancing agent was taken as the research object in this paper. A microstructure model of UHSSC under different curing conditions (standard curing, natural curing and film curing) was reconstructed using X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). The grey theory was used to analyze the correlation between pore characteristics and strength of UHSSC. The results showed that the porosity and the pore size of UHSSC were significantly reduced, the compressive strength was obviously improved by the new spraying process. The effects of curing conditions on the pore characteristics and compressive strength of UHSSC were obvious. Under natural curing, the hydration degree was the highest, the maximum pore size was the smallest, and the compressive strength was the highest, reaching 95.8 MPa, but the porosity was the highest. The curing condition had a certain influence on the sphericity distribution of UHSSC pores. Under film curing, the proportion of special-shaped pores (S < 0.4) was the largest and compressive strength was the smallest. There was a good correlation between pore characteristic parameters and the compressive strength of UHSSC under different curing conditions. In particular, the large pore size (D ≥ 5000 µm) and special-shaped pores (S < 0.4) had obvious effects on the strength of UHSSC, and the grey correlation coefficients were 0.8539 and 0.8080, respectively. Additionally, the pore direction of UHSSC had obvious directionality, and the anisotropy of UHSSC may be more prominent than poured specimen. The results will lay a foundation for the study of its mechanical properties and durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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14 pages, 3044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eddy Current-Based Identification and Depth Investigation of Microdefects in Steel Filaments

by Kim Sang Tran, Bijan Shirinzadeh and Julian Smith

Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5101; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165101 - 6 Aug 2024

Viewed by 929

Abstract

In the field of quality control, the critical challenge of analyzing microdefects in steel filament holds significant importance. This is particularly vital, as steel filaments serve as reinforced fibers in the use and applications within various component manufacturing industries. This paper addresses the [...] Read more.

In the field of quality control, the critical challenge of analyzing microdefects in steel filament holds significant importance. This is particularly vital, as steel filaments serve as reinforced fibers in the use and applications within various component manufacturing industries. This paper addresses the crucial requirement of identifying and investigating microdefects in steel filaments. Eddy current signals are used for the identification of microdefects, and an in-depth investigation is conducted. The core objective is to establish the relationship between the depth of defects and the signals detected through the eddy current sensing principle. The threshold of the eddy current instrument was set at 10%, corresponding to a created depth of 20 µm, to identify defective specimens. A total of 30 defective samples were analyzed, and the phase angles between the experimental and theoretical results were compared. The depths of defects ranged from 20 to 60 µm, with one sample having a depth exceeding 75 µm. The calculated threshold of 10.18% closely aligns with the set threshold of 10%, with a difference of only 1.77%. The resulting root mean square error (RMSE) was found to be 10.53 degrees, equivalent to 3.49 µm for the difference in depth and phase between measured results and estimated results. This underscores the methodology’s accuracy and its applicability across diverse manufacturing industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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16 pages, 5406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on In-Plane Thermal Conductivity Detection of Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates Based on Laser Thermography

by Yang Li, Dexin Hou, Feng Li, Lianghui Huang, Zhihua Huang, Yuehuan Zhang, Yongping Zheng, Leipeng Song, Bingqiang Huang, Zhengshun Fei and Xinjian Xiang

Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4206; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134206 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1181

Abstract

The thermal properties of bipolar plates, being key elements of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, significantly affect their heat conduction and management. This study employed an innovative approach known as a heat flow loop integral method to experimentally assess the in-plane thermal conductivity [...] Read more.

The thermal properties of bipolar plates, being key elements of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, significantly affect their heat conduction and management. This study employed an innovative approach known as a heat flow loop integral method to experimentally assess the in-plane thermal conductivity of graphite bipolar plates, addressing the constraints of traditional methods that have strict demands for thermal stimulation, boundary or initial conditions, and sample size. This method employs infrared thermal imaging to gather information from the surface temperature field of the sample, which is induced by laser stimulation. An enclosed test loop on the infrared image of the sample’s surface, situated between the heat source and the sample’s boundary, is utilized to calculate the in-plane heat flow density by integrating the temperature at the sampling locations on the loop and the in-plane thermal conductivity can be determined based on Fourier’s law of heat conduction. The numerical simulation analysis of the graphite models and the experimental tests with aluminum have confirmed the precision and practicality of this method. The results of 1060 aluminum and 6061 aluminum samples, each 1 and 2 mm in thickness, show a deviation between the reference and actual measurements of the in-plane thermal conductivity within 4.3% and repeatability within 2.7%. Using the loop integral method, the in-plane thermal conductivities of three graphite bipolar plates with thicknesses of 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm were tested, resulting in 311.98 W(m·K)⁻¹, 314.41 W(m·K)⁻¹, and 323.48 W(m·K)⁻¹, with repeatabilities of 0.9%, 3.0%, and 2.0%, respectively. A comparison with the reference value from the simulation model for graphite bipolar plates with the same thickness showed a deviation of 4.7%. The test results for three different thicknesses of graphite bipolar plates show a repeatability of 2.6%, indicating the high consistency and reliability of this measurement method. Consequently, as a supplement to existing technology, this method can achieve a rapid and nondestructive measurement of materials such as graphite bipolar plates’ in-plane thermal conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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12 pages, 1737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Wear Debris Signal Processing Method Based on Inductive Monitoring for Aero-Engine

by Heng Jiang, Hongfu Zuo, Zhirong Zhong and Jiachen Guo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5505; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135505 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1250

Abstract

In view of the high false alarm rate in the oil debris monitoring results of the triple-coil inductive sensor in the transmission lubrication system of the aero-engine, a new debris signal processing method based on inductive monitoring is proposed. A time domain analysis [...] Read more.

In view of the high false alarm rate in the oil debris monitoring results of the triple-coil inductive sensor in the transmission lubrication system of the aero-engine, a new debris signal processing method based on inductive monitoring is proposed. A time domain analysis is carried out first, and the signal energy is the most effective index to distinguish the debris signature from the noise signature. On this basis, signal energy values within a fixed-length sliding window is processed through the histogram. Finally, a threshold is set for the detection of the debris signature, which is based on the distribution of data within the histogram. This method is applied to the experimental data from a test run of an aero-engine, and the results show that all the debris is detected even if part of it appears during a change in the working condition of the aero-engine. Therefore, this method shows satisfactory results in debris detection accuracy and especially the inhibition of false alarms. It is also applicable for real-time monitoring due to the similarity between the movement of the sliding window and real-time data acquisition. In addition, it is applicable for various sensing principles, including but not limited to the inductive sensor signal, since the detection performance is only related to the signal itself. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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11 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Fat Content and Lactose Presence on Refractive Index in Different Types of Cow Milk

by Lorenza Hevia-Aymes, Rodrigo Cuevas-Tenango and Gesuri Morales-Luna

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4529; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114529 - 25 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1124

Abstract

This study unveils an advanced methodology for characterizing various types of cow’s milk based on their optical properties, aiming to establish a straightforward yet comprehensive method. This study uses fundamental principles such as Snell’s Law and Fresnel coefficients to determine and demonstrate critical [...] Read more.

This study unveils an advanced methodology for characterizing various types of cow’s milk based on their optical properties, aiming to establish a straightforward yet comprehensive method. This study uses fundamental principles such as Snell’s Law and Fresnel coefficients to determine and demonstrate critical angles for total internal reflection and reflectance at p polarization. Notably, milk composition, particularly fat content, significantly and remarkably influences its refractive index, with higher fat content leading to elevated values. Additionally, the extinction coefficient, derived through the Beer–Lambert law, provides valuable and essential information regarding light absorption and scattering within the milk samples. The significance of this research relies upon its ability to comprehensively analyze various optical properties of milk, including critical angles, reflectance, and extinction coefficients. By doing so, it offers an exhaustive and detailed understanding of how milk responds to light across different wavelengths and angles of incidence. Moreover, the technique effectively distinguishes milk types based on their fat content and particle characteristics. This novel characterization technique holds promise for various applications within the dairy industry, such as milk quality control, classification, and adulteration detection, which is crucial for maintaining consumer trust and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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12 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Localization of Dual Partial Discharge in Transformer Windings Using Fabry–Pérot Optical Fiber Sensor Array

by Feng Liu, Jian Du, Yansheng Shi, Shuainan Zhang and Wei Wang

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2537; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112537 - 24 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 951

Abstract

The power transformer is one of the most critical core devices for energy exchange in power systems, and its safe and stable operation is directly related to the reliability of the power grid. Partial discharge is the main cause of insulation degradation and [...] Read more.

The power transformer is one of the most critical core devices for energy exchange in power systems, and its safe and stable operation is directly related to the reliability of the power grid. Partial discharge is the main cause of insulation degradation and failure of high-voltage electrical equipment. Online monitoring and accurate localization of partial discharge can provide information on the aging of power equipment, which is of great value for improving the safe operation and maintenance of the power grid. Internal dual partial discharge in transformer windings is a more complex type of fault. Since it is located inside the windings, the signal is attenuated and distorted, making it difficult for traditional monitoring methods to capture such partial discharge signal The Fabry–Perot optical fiber sensor is an ultrasonic detection method that can be built into the transformer interior. This sensor has high sensitivity and a small size, enabling flexible placement at different locations inside the transformer for precise partial discharge detection. Especially for the narrow space inside the high and low voltage windings, F–P sensors can form an array, utilizing the array’s directivity to locate the fault points. In this study, an ultrasonic detection system based on the F–P optical fiber sensor array was developed. The system utilizes a directional cross-localization algorithm based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm to accurately locate dual partial discharge sources. This partial discharge detection system was applied to a 35 kV single-phase transformer, enabling the localization of dual partial discharge sources within the high and low voltage windings. Combined with experimental results, this method exhibits high localization accuracy and is particularly suitable for detecting partial discharge phenomena that occur within or between transformer windings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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19 pages, 4922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Nonlinear Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Model for Magnetic Flux Leakage System

by Okan Kara and Hasan Hüseyin Çelik

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4071; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104071 - 10 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1764

Abstract

To ensure efficient inspection using the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method, generating a flux density near the saturation level within the tested material is essential. This requirement brings high flux density conditions in the system’s pole regions. Hence, leakage flux within the slot [...] Read more.

To ensure efficient inspection using the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method, generating a flux density near the saturation level within the tested material is essential. This requirement brings high flux density conditions in the system’s pole regions. Hence, leakage flux within the slot is excessively triggered, leading to distortion of the defect signal. In this context, the system dimensions stand out as one of the most significant factors affecting the mentioned flux distributions. Therefore, various alternative solutions with different system dimensions arise in the design process of the MFL system. This study proposes a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model to achieve optimal system design. The proposed MEC model is designed considering the nonlinear behavior of the material, leakage flux, and fringing effects. Verification results demonstrate that the MEC model consistently tracks the finite element analysis (FEA) results in calculating the flux densities. Furthermore, the relative errors in the flux density calculations of the tested material are at a maximum level of 10.2% and an average of 5.2% compared to the FEA. These findings indicate that the proposed MEC model can be effectively utilized in rapid prototyping and optimization procedures of MFL system design by providing fast solutions with reasonable accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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19 pages, 18734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Synchrosqueezing S-Transform and Its Application in a GPR Detection Task

by Hongqiang Xiong, Baizhou An, Boyang Sun and Jiayu Lu

Sensors 2024, 24(10), 2981; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102981 - 8 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1162

Abstract

The S-transform is a fundamental time–frequency (T-F) domain analysis method in ground penetrating radar (GPR) data processing and can be used for identifying targets, denoising, extracting thin layers, and high-resolution imaging. However, the S-transform spectrum experiences energy leakage near the instantaneous frequency. This [...] Read more.

The S-transform is a fundamental time–frequency (T-F) domain analysis method in ground penetrating radar (GPR) data processing and can be used for identifying targets, denoising, extracting thin layers, and high-resolution imaging. However, the S-transform spectrum experiences energy leakage near the instantaneous frequency. This phenomenon causes frequency components to erroneously spread over a wider range, impacting the accuracy and precision of GPR data processing. Synchrosqueezing is an effective method to prevent spectrum leakage. In this work, we introduce the synchrosqueezing generalized phase-shifting S-transform (SS-GPST). Initially, it resolves the compatibility issue between the S-transform and the synchrosqueezing strategy through phase-shifting. Subsequently, the SS-GPST accomplishes spectral energy focusing and resolution enhancement via a generalized parameter and synchrosqueezing. A synthetic signal test shows that the SS-GPST excels over other methods at focusing degree, spectral resolution, and signal reconstruction accuracy and speed. In actual GPR tunnel detection data processing, we assess the adaptability of the SS-GPST from three aspects: spectral energy distribution, thin layer identification, and data denoising. The results indicate: (1) compared to other methods, the SS-GPST accurately expresses spectral components with a strong focusing degree and fewer interference components; (2) high-frequency slices of the SS-GPST accurately detect the top and bottom interfaces of a 3.0–3.5 cm reinforcement protection layer; and (3) due to fewer interference components in the SS-GPST spectrum, reconstructing GPR profiles through the SS-GPST inverse transform is an efficient denoising technique. The SS-GPST demonstrates adaptability to different data processing purposes, offers high-resolution T-F spectra, and shows potential to supersede the S-transform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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29 pages, 13635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Deflection Measurement on Stiff Bridges with High Piers by Preloaded Spring Method

by Yelu Wang, Yongjun Zhou, Xin Jiang, Yu Zhao and Huantao Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2526; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062526 - 17 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1388

Abstract

The deflection dynamic load allowance (DLA) of stiff bridges with high piers requires sub-millimeter accuracy. New technologies such as the vision-based optical method and GNSS are not yet recognized for use in DLA measurements due to their smaller SNR. Presently, the scaffolding method [...] Read more.

The deflection dynamic load allowance (DLA) of stiff bridges with high piers requires sub-millimeter accuracy. New technologies such as the vision-based optical method and GNSS are not yet recognized for use in DLA measurements due to their smaller SNR. Presently, the scaffolding method is widely utilized for dynamic deflection measurements in dynamic load tests owing to the reliability of employing rigid contact. When scaffolding is not available, engineers have to resort to a suspension hammer system. However, the mass eccentricity of the hammer, stretched-wire length, and wind will decrease the measurement accuracy. To overcome these drawbacks of the suspension hammer method (SHM), a preloaded spring method (PSM) and the related stretched-wire-spring system (SWSS) are proposed in this paper. The dynamic deflection of the coupled vehicle-bridge-SWSS was obtained by vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) analysis. The sensitivity parameters of the PSM were analyzed and optimized to minimize the measurement error. Indoor experiments and field dynamic load tests were conducted to validate the feasibility and accuracy of the PSM. Additionally, the differences in dynamic deflection measurements between the PSM and SHM in windy environments were compared. The results show that, in a windless environment, the DLAs of the PSM are affected by the spring stiffness, stretched-wire length, and stretched-wire section stiffness, independently of the preload force. When the wind speed is less than or equal to 8 m/s and the pier height is less than 30 m, the maximum deflection measurement error of the PSM is −2.53%, while that of the SHM is −15.87%. Due to its low cost and high accuracy, the proposed method has broad application prospects in the dynamic deflection measurement of stiff bridges with high piers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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15 pages, 4813 KiB

Open AccessReview

Poisson’s Ratio of Glasses, Ceramics, and Crystals

by Seiji Kojima

Materials 2024, 17(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020300 - 7 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4033

Abstract

Poisson’s ratio is the fundamental metric used to discuss the performance of any material when strained elastically. However, the methods of the determination of Poisson’s ratio are not yet discussed well. The first purpose of this paper is to introduce the five kinds [...] Read more.

Poisson’s ratio is the fundamental metric used to discuss the performance of any material when strained elastically. However, the methods of the determination of Poisson’s ratio are not yet discussed well. The first purpose of this paper is to introduce the five kinds of typical experimental methods to measure Poisson’s ratio of glasses, ceramics, and crystals. The second purpose is to discuss the experimental results on the variation of Poisson’s ratio by composition, temperature, and pressure reviewed for various glasses, ceramics, and crystals, which are not yet reviewed. For example, in oxide glasses, the number of bridging oxygen atoms per glass-forming cation provides a straightforward estimation of network crosslinking using Poisson’s ratio. In the structural-phase transition of crystals, Poisson’s ratio shows remarkable temperature-dependence in the vicinity of a phase-transition temperature. The mechanism of these variations is discussed from physical and chemical points of view. The first-principles calculation of Poisson’s ratio in the newly hypothesized compounds is also described, and its pressure-induced ductile–brittle transition is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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15 pages, 5738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Non-Destructive Methodology for the Viscoelastic Characterization of Polymers: Toward the Identification of the Time–Temperature Superposition Shift Law

by Aleksandr Sakhnevych, Raffaele Maglione and Francesco Timpone

Sensors 2023, 23(22), 9213; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229213 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1802

Abstract

Polymers find widespread applications in various industries, such as civil engineering, aerospace, and industrial machinery, contributing to vibration control, dampening, and insulation. To accurately design products that are able to predict their dynamic behavior in the virtual environment, it is essential to understand [...] Read more.

Polymers find widespread applications in various industries, such as civil engineering, aerospace, and industrial machinery, contributing to vibration control, dampening, and insulation. To accurately design products that are able to predict their dynamic behavior in the virtual environment, it is essential to understand and reproduce their viscoelastic properties via material physical modeling. While Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) has traditionally been used, innovative non-destructive techniques are emerging for characterizing components and monitoring their performance without deconstructing them. In this context, the Time–Temperature Superposition Principle (TTSP) represents a powerful empirical procedure to extend a polymer’s viscoelastic behavior across a wider frequency range. This study focuses on replicating an indentation test on viscoelastic materials using the non-destructive Viscoelasticity Evaluation System evolved (VESevo) tool. The primary objective is to derive a unique temperature–frequency relationship, referred to as a “shift law”, using characteristic curves from this non-invasive approach. Encouragingly, modifying the device setup enabled us to replicate, virtually, three tests under identical initial conditions but with varying indentation frequencies. This highlights the tool’s ability to conduct material testing across a range of frequencies. These findings set the stage for our upcoming experiment campaign, aiming to create an innovative shift algorithm from at least three distinct master curves at specific frequencies, offering a significant breakthrough in non-destructive polymer characterization with broad industrial potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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15 pages, 7694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection, Verification and Analysis of Micro Surface Defects in Steel Filament Using Eddy Current Principles, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy

by Kim Sang Tran, Bijan Shirinzadeh, Armin Ehrampoosh, Pan Zhao and Yaoyao Shi

Sensors 2023, 23(21), 8873; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218873 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2135

Abstract

In the current industrial revolution, advanced technologies and methods can be effectively utilized for the detection and verification of defects in high-speed steel filament production. This paper introduces an innovative methodology for the precise detection and verification of micro surface defects found in [...] Read more.

In the current industrial revolution, advanced technologies and methods can be effectively utilized for the detection and verification of defects in high-speed steel filament production. This paper introduces an innovative methodology for the precise detection and verification of micro surface defects found in steel filaments through the application of the Eddy current principle. Permanent magnets are employed to generate a magnetic field with a high frequency surrounding a coil of sensors positioned at the filament’s output end. The sensor’s capacity to detect defects is validated through a meticulous rewinding process, followed by a thorough analysis involving scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Artificial defects were intentionally introduced into a sample, and their amplitudes were monitored to establish a threshold value. The amplitude signal of these created defect was identified at approximately 10% FSH, which corresponds to a crack depth of about 20 µm. In the experimental production of 182 samples covering 38 km, the defect ratio was notably high, standing at 26.37%. These defects appeared randomly along the length of the samples. The verification results underscore the exceptional precision achieved in the detection of micro surface defects within steel filaments. These defects were primarily characterized by longitudinal scratches and inclusions containing physical tungsten carbide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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15 pages, 9847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Micro-Topography Measurement and Compensation Method for the Key Component Surface Based on White-Light Interferometry

by Junying Chen, Boxuan Wang, Xiuyu Chen, Qingshan Jiang, Wei Feng, Zhilong Xu and Zhenye Zhao

Sensors 2023, 23(19), 8307; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198307 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1810

Abstract

The grinding grooves of material removal machining and the residues of a machining tool on the key component surface cause surface stress concentration. Thus, it is critical to carry out precise measurements on the key component surface to evaluate the stress concentration. Based [...] Read more.

The grinding grooves of material removal machining and the residues of a machining tool on the key component surface cause surface stress concentration. Thus, it is critical to carry out precise measurements on the key component surface to evaluate the stress concentration. Based on white-light interferometry (WLI), we studied the measurement distortion caused by the reflected light from the steep side of the grinding groove being unable to return to the optical system for imaging. A threshold value was set to eliminate the distorted measurement points, and the cubic spline algorithm was used to interpolate the eliminated points for compensation. The compensation result agrees well with the atomic force microscope (AFM) measurement result. However, for residues on the surface, a practical method was established to obtain a microscopic 3D micro-topography point cloud and a super-depth-of-field fusion image simultaneously. Afterward, the semantic segmentation network U-net was adopted to identify the residues in the super-depth-of-field fusion image and achieved a recognition accuracy of 91.06% for residual identification. Residual feature information, including height, position, and size, was obtained by integrating the information from point clouds and super-depth-of-field fusion images. This work can provide foundational data to study surface stress concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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15 pages, 3137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of the Mode Decomposition Technique for Closely Distributed Modal Systems in the State Space Domain

by Jungtae Noh and Jae-Seung Hwang

Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7123; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167123 - 11 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1090

Abstract

This study aims to propose and validate the state space mode decomposition technique for precise mode separation of non-classical damping systems and closely distributed modal systems. To assess the reliability and applicability of this technique, a 40-story building with a tuned mass damper [...] Read more.

This study aims to propose and validate the state space mode decomposition technique for precise mode separation of non-classical damping systems and closely distributed modal systems. To assess the reliability and applicability of this technique, a 40-story building with a tuned mass damper is investigated, and acceleration responses measured by the building’s health monitoring system are used for the verification of the technique. The mode separation results reveal that the separated modal power spectrum becomes distorted at neighboring natural frequency ranges when the performance index only considers the concentration of power spectral energy at the target natural frequency. However, by introducing an augmented performance index that includes a constraint condition to account for distortion, more accurate mode decomposition can be achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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26 pages, 6683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nondestructive Evaluation of Thermal Barrier Coatings’ Porosity Based on Terahertz Multi-Feature Fusion and a Machine Learning Approach

by Rui Li, Dongdong Ye, Qiukun Zhang, Jianfei Xu and Jiabao Pan

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(15), 8988; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158988 - 5 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2362

Abstract

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) play a crucial role in safeguarding aero-engine blades from high-temperature environments and enhancing their performance and durability. Accurate evaluation of TBCs’ porosity is of paramount importance for aerospace material research. However, existing evaluation methods often involve destructive testing or [...] Read more.

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) play a crucial role in safeguarding aero-engine blades from high-temperature environments and enhancing their performance and durability. Accurate evaluation of TBCs’ porosity is of paramount importance for aerospace material research. However, existing evaluation methods often involve destructive testing or lack precision. In this study, we proposed a novel nondestructive evaluation method for TBCs’ porosity, utilizing terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and a machine learning approach. The primary objective was to achieve reliable and precise porosity evaluation without causing damage to the coatings. Multiple feature parameters were extracted from THz-TDS data to characterize porosity variations. Additionally, correlation analysis and p-value testing were employed to assess the significance and correlations among the feature parameters. Subsequently, the dung-beetle-optimizer-algorithm-optimized random forest (DBO-RF) regression model was applied to accurately predict the porosity. Model performance was evaluated using K-fold cross-validation. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed method, with the DBO-RF model achieving high precision and robustness in porosity prediction. The model evaluation revealed a root-mean-square error of 1.802, mean absolute error of 1.549, mean absolute percentage error of 8.362, and average regression coefficient of 0.912. This study introduces a novel technique that presents a dependable nondestructive testing solution for the evaluation and prediction of TBCs’ porosity, effectively monitoring the service life of TBCs and determining their effectiveness. With its practical applicability in the aerospace industry, this method plays a vital role in the assessment and analysis of TBCs’ performance, driving progress in aerospace material research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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13 pages, 7347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Wrinkles Characterization in GFRP Composites by Infrared Active Thermography

by Adam Stawiarski, Małgorzata Chwał, Marek Barski and Marcin Augustyn

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124236 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1739

Abstract

An experimental study has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of infrared thermography in wrinkle detection in composite GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic) structures by infrared active thermography. Wrinkles in composite GFRP plates with different weave patterns (twill and satin) have been [...] Read more.

An experimental study has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of infrared thermography in wrinkle detection in composite GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic) structures by infrared active thermography. Wrinkles in composite GFRP plates with different weave patterns (twill and satin) have been manufactured with the use of the vacuum bagging method. The different localization of defects in laminates has been taken into account. Transmission and reflection measurement techniques of active thermography have been verified and compared. The section of a turbine blade with a vertical axis of rotation containing post-manufacturing wrinkles has been prepared to verify active thermography measurement techniques in the real structure. In the turbine blade section, the influence of a gelcoat surface on the effectiveness of thermography damage detection has also been taken into account. Straightforward thermal parameters applied in structural health monitoring systems allow an effective damage detection method to be built. The transmission IRT setup allows not only for damage detection and localization in composite structures but also for accurate damage identification. The reflection IRT setup is convenient for damage detection systems coupled with nondestructive testing software. In considered cases, the type of fabric weave has negligible influence on the quality of damage detection results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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13 pages, 9387 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Feasibility of Using a 300 GHz Radar to Detect Fractures and Lithological Changes in Rocks

by Federico Sanjuan, Frédéric Fauquet, Bertrand Fasentieux, Patrick Mounaix and Jean-Paul Guillet

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(10), 2605; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102605 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

The detection and quantification of fractures in rocks, as well as the detection of lithological changes, are of particular interest in scientific fields, such as construction materials, geotechnics, reservoirs and the diagnostics of dielectric composite materials and cultural heritage objects. Therefore, different methods [...] Read more.

The detection and quantification of fractures in rocks, as well as the detection of lithological changes, are of particular interest in scientific fields, such as construction materials, geotechnics, reservoirs and the diagnostics of dielectric composite materials and cultural heritage objects. Therefore, different methods and techniques have been developed and improved over the years to provide solutions, e.g., seismic, ground-penetrating radar and X-ray microtomography. However, there are always trade-offs, such as spatial resolution, investigated volume and rock penetration depth. At present, high-frequency radars (>60 GHz) are available on the market, which are compact in size and capable of imaging large areas in short periods of time. However, the few rock applications that have been carried out have not provided any information on whether these radars would be useful for detecting fractures and lithological changes in rocks. Therefore, in this work, we performed different experiments on construction and reservoir rocks using a frequency-modulated continuous wave radar working at 300 GHz to evaluate its viability in this type of application. The results showed that the radar quantified millimeter fractures at a 1 cm rock penetration depth with a sensitivity of 500 μm. Furthermore, lithological changes were identified, even when detecting interfaces generated by the artificial union of two samples from the same rock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Materials or Engineering)

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