Ionic Liquids toward Enhanced Carotenoid Extraction from Bacterial Biomass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Microorganism and Culture Conditions
2.3. Carotenoid Extraction Using Ionic Liquids
2.3.1. Initial Screening
2.3.2. Experimental Design Methodology
- -
- #ED1 had a wider range to broadly understand how each of the factors influenced the response. Thus, the volume of IL#18 (X1) ranged between 25 µL and 1000 µL, and the volume of EAc (X2) ranged between 250 µL and 2000 µL.
- -
- #ED2 was based on the results of #ED1, with the goal of improving extraction efficiency. Therefore, the volume of IL#18 (X1) ranged between 0 µL and 50 µL, and the volume of EAc (X2) ranged between 250 µL and 1125 µL.
2.4. Validation of the Extraction Procedure with IL#18 and EAc
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Extraction of Carotenoids Using ILs
3.1.1. Screening Assays
3.1.2. Experimental Design (ED) for Carotenoid Extraction Optimization
#ED1—Response Surface
- Analysis for #ED1 Factors
#ED2—Response Surface
- Analysis for #ED2 Factors
3.2. Validation of the Extraction Procedure with IL#18 and EAc
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. (#) | Ionic Liquids | Brand |
---|---|---|
1 | 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide | Solchemar |
2 | 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate | Io-li-tec |
3 | Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide | Solchemar |
4 | 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide | Io-li-tec |
5 | 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide | Io-li-tec |
6 | 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate | Solchemar |
7 | Triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate | Io-li-tec |
8 | 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium thiocyanate | Io-li-tec |
9 | 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium thiocyanate | Io-li-tec |
10 | 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium tetracholoroferrate (III) | Io-li-tec |
11 | 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium dicyanamide | Io-li-tec |
12 | 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate | Io-li-tec |
13 | 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium dihydrogen phosphate | Solchemar |
14 | 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate | Solchemar |
15 | 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium methanesulfonate | Solchemar |
16 | Didecyl-dimethylammonium nitrate | Io-li-tec |
17 | 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate | Io-li-tec |
18 | Tributyl(ethyl)phosphonium diethyl phosphate | Solchemar |
19 | 1-Methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide | Io-li-tec |
Test (#) | Factors | Response | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
IL#18 Volume (25–1000 µL) | EAc Volume (250–2000 µL) | Total Carotenoids (µg/gDCW) | ||
1 | 512.5 | 1125 | 839.1 | |
2 | 512.5 | 1125 | 725.3 | |
3 | 1000 | 1125 | 210.4 | |
4 | 1000 | 1125 | 210.4 | |
5 | 25 | 1125 | 558.1 | |
6 | 25 | 1125 | 527.8 | |
7 | 756.25 | 1882.75 | 717.2 | |
8 | 756.25 | 1882.75 | 808.1 | |
9 | 268.75 | 367.25 | 350.9 | |
10 | 268.75 | 367.25 | 333.8 | |
11 | 756.25 | 367.25 | 114.3 | |
12 | 756.25 | 367.25 | 117.9 | |
13 | 268.75 | 1882.75 | 666.7 | |
14 | 268.75 | 1882.75 | 828.3 |
Model | Response: Total Carotenoids |
---|---|
Model parameters | |
β0 | 782.3 |
β1 | −146.05 |
β2 | 303.61 |
β12 | 139.38 |
β11 | −405.61 |
β22 | −251.68 |
Model validation (Fischer test) | |
Effectiveness of the parameters | 51.01 |
Significance level (α) F (5,8) | 0.001 |
Lack of fit | 1.4 |
Significance level (α) F (1,7) | <0.05 |
R2 | 0.97 |
Test (#) | Factors | Response | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
IL#18 Volume (0–50 µL) | EAc Volume (250–1125 µL) | Total Carotenoids (µg/gDCW) | ||
1 | 25 | 687.5 | 464.9 | |
2 | 25 | 687.5 | 451.2 | |
3 | 50 | 687.5 | 487.6 | |
4 | 50 | 687.5 | 555.0 | |
5 | 0 | 687.5 | 315.7 | |
6 | 0 | 687.5 | 304.5 | |
7 | 37.5 | 1066.375 | 724.6 | |
8 | 37.5 | 1066.375 | 770.4 | |
9 | 12.5 | 308.625 | 15.4 | |
10 | 12.5 | 308.625 | 15.4 | |
11 | 37.5 | 308.625 | 16.7 | |
12 | 37.5 | 308.625 | 16.7 | |
13 | 12.5 | 1066.375 | 697.7 | |
14 | 12.5 | 1066.375 | 694.3 |
Model | Response: Total Carotenoids |
---|---|
Model parameters | |
β0 | 458.11 |
β1 | 79.21 |
β2 | 407.44 |
β12 | 28.98 |
β11 | −42.41 |
β22 | −104.85 |
Model validation (Fischer test) | |
Effectiveness of the parameters | 141.96 |
Significance level (α) F (5,8) | 0.001 |
Lack of fit | 16.79 |
Significance level (α) F (1,7) | 0.01 |
R2 | 0.99 |
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Silva, T.P.; Alves, L.; Salgado, F.; Roseiro, J.C.; Łukasik, R.M.; Paixão, S.M. Ionic Liquids toward Enhanced Carotenoid Extraction from Bacterial Biomass. Molecules 2024, 29, 4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174132
Silva TP, Alves L, Salgado F, Roseiro JC, Łukasik RM, Paixão SM. Ionic Liquids toward Enhanced Carotenoid Extraction from Bacterial Biomass. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174132
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Tiago P., Luís Alves, Francisco Salgado, José C. Roseiro, Rafał M. Łukasik, and Susana M. Paixão. 2024. "Ionic Liquids toward Enhanced Carotenoid Extraction from Bacterial Biomass" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174132