Molecules

19 pages, 2959 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characterization and Anti-Tumor Activity of a Polysaccharide from Laetiporus sulphureus in A549 Cells

by Yunhe Qu, Xing Yang, Dongxue Zhao, Pingping Zhang, Yue Mi, Jing Xu, Boya Zhao and Dongfang Shi

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3706; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183706 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

While numerous bioactive polysaccharides have been identified from mushrooms, their mechanisms of action, particularly through the induction of oxidative stress in tumor cells, remain underexplored. This study isolates a novel polysaccharide, LSPS2, derived from Laetiporus sulphureus, followed by the elucidation of its [...] Read more.

While numerous bioactive polysaccharides have been identified from mushrooms, their mechanisms of action, particularly through the induction of oxidative stress in tumor cells, remain underexplored. This study isolates a novel polysaccharide, LSPS2, derived from Laetiporus sulphureus, followed by the elucidation of its distinctive structural features and specific antitumor activity in A549 lung carcinoma cells. LSPS2 was composed primarily of glucose (88.1%) and minor amounts of mannose (8.0%) and galactose (3.9%). Methylation and one-dimensional/two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D/2D NMR) analysis results indicated that LSPS2 was composed of (1→3)-linked-D-β-glucopyran residues and (1→4)-linked-D-α-glucopyran residues as the main chain. The side chains were connected to O-6 and O-3 of glucopyranose (Glcp) residues with terminal Glcp. It differs from previous reports on L. sulphureus polysaccharides. Functionally, LSPS2 markedly suppressed A549 cell viability in a manner that depended on both exposure duration and concentration. LSPS2 upregulated malondialdehyde (MDA) and downregulated reduced glutathione (GSH), demonstrating that LSPS2 induces oxidative stress in A549 cells. The results of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays further indicated that LSPS2 downregulates SOD activity, which may be the mechanism by which LSPS2 induces oxidative stress and, consequently, apoptosis in A549 cells. This targeted downregulation of a key antioxidant enzyme highlights a potential pathway for polysaccharide-induced tumor cell death. Our findings not only identify LSPS2 as a structurally distinct biopolymer but also elucidate its mode of action, underscoring its prospective application in tumor therapy and functional foods, warranting further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing Pharmacological and Biological Performance of Synthetic and Natural Compounds—2nd Edition)

25 pages, 2375 KB

Open AccessReview

Capparis L. (Capparaceae): A Scoping Review of Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacological Activates

by Bashaer Alsharif and Fabio Boylan

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3705; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183705 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Capers (Capparis L.), a genus of shrub-like plants within the family Capparaceae, exhibit remarkable ecological adaptability and have long been used in traditional medicine, food, and agroforestry. Phytochemical investigations have identified a wide array of bioactive compounds—including flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, spermidine derivatives, [...] Read more.

Capers (Capparis L.), a genus of shrub-like plants within the family Capparaceae, exhibit remarkable ecological adaptability and have long been used in traditional medicine, food, and agroforestry. Phytochemical investigations have identified a wide array of bioactive compounds—including flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, spermidine derivatives, and other unique secondary metabolites—particularly in species such as C. spinosa and C. decidua. Pharmacological studies have reported diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genus, with particular attention to its botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal relevance, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing Nature’s Chemical Diversity: Innovations in Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis)

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19 pages, 5383 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Pt-Cu-Vinylamine Complex on Hazelnut Shell Biochar as a Catalyst Used for Hydrosilylation of Alkenes by Tertiary Silanes

by Jing Zhou, Qiqi Zhang, Mengying Wang, Zongmu Xiao and Yixin Zhang

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3704; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183704 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

The design and development of low-cost and efficient nonhomogeneous catalysts for silicon hydrogen addition is a hot research topic. This study reports the synthesis of a novel solid catalyst, PtCu-NVF-HBNC, derived from hazelnut shell biomass waste. The catalyst was prepared through carbonisation, nitrogen-doped [...] Read more.

The design and development of low-cost and efficient nonhomogeneous catalysts for silicon hydrogen addition is a hot research topic. This study reports the synthesis of a novel solid catalyst, PtCu-NVF-HBNC, derived from hazelnut shell biomass waste. The catalyst was prepared through carbonisation, nitrogen-doped activation, functionalisation with N-vinylformamide (NVF), and subsequent bimetallic Pt–Cu loading. It features a divalent platinum–vinylamine complex as the active centre. The introduction of Cu as a promoter induces competitive coordination with the Pt(II)–vinylamine complex, leading to electron density redistribution on the vinylamine ligand and a significant enhancement in Pt(II) coordination bond strength. This electronic modulation results in markedly improved activity and regioselectivity in the hydrosilylation of alkenes with tertiary silanes. The optimised catalyst, Pt_1.6Cu-NVF-HBNC, demonstrated high performance in the hydrosilylation of linear alkenes, including 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 1-octadecene with triethoxysilane, indicating broad substrate adaptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)

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28 pages, 2903 KB

Open AccessReview

N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibition in Parasitic Pathogens: Insights from Computer-Aided Drug Design

by Fernanda de França Genuíno Ramos Campos, Willian Charles da Silva Moura, Diego Romário-Silva, Rodrigo Santos Aquino de Araújo, Inês Morais, Sofia Cortes, Fátima Nogueira, Ricardo Olimpio de Moura and Igor José dos Santos Nascimento

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3703; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183703 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitute a group of infectious diseases that severely affect the health of impoverished populations, and the health, economies, and health systems of affected countries. Leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are particularly notable, and malaria, despite not being neglected, [...] Read more.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitute a group of infectious diseases that severely affect the health of impoverished populations, and the health, economies, and health systems of affected countries. Leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are particularly notable, and malaria, despite not being neglected, is part of the “big three” (HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria) with high incidence, increasing the probability of infection by NTDs. Therefore, efforts are ongoing in the search for new drugs targeting the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), a potential drug target that has been explored. Thus, we provide a review here that highlights the epidemiological data for these diseases and the importance of discovering new drugs against these agents. Here, the importance of NMT and its inhibitors is clear, with this study highlighting thiochromene, pyrazole, thienopyridine, oxadiazole, benzothiophene, and quinoline scaffolds, identified by computational methods followed by biological assays to validate the findings; for example, this study shows the action of the aminoacylpyrrolidine derivative 13 against Leishmania donovani NMT (IC₅₀ of 1.6 nM) and the pyrazole analog 23 against Plasmodium vivax NMT (IC₅₀ of 9.48 nM), providing several insights that can be used in drug design in further work. Furthermore, the selectivity and improvement in activity are related to interactions with the residues Val⁸¹, Phe⁹⁰, Tyr²¹⁷, Tyr³²⁶, Tyr³⁴⁵, and Met⁴²⁰ for leishmaniasis (LmNMT); Tyr²¹¹, Leu⁴¹⁰, and Ser³¹⁹ for malaria (PvNMT); and Lys²⁵ and Lys³⁸⁹ for HAT (TbNMT). We hope our work provides valuable insights that research groups worldwide can use to search for innovative drugs to combat these diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry)

30 pages, 2648 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancing Brain Health Naturally: β-Caryophyllene and Xanthohumol as Neuroprotective Agents

by Stanislava Ivanova, Zoya Dzhakova, Velislava Todorova, Radka Boyuklieva, Plamen Simeonov and Plamen Katsarov

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3702; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183702 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represent a class of incurable and progressive disorders characterized by the gradual degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system, particularly the brain and spinal cord. A range of innovative therapeutic approaches is currently under investigation, such as [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represent a class of incurable and progressive disorders characterized by the gradual degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system, particularly the brain and spinal cord. A range of innovative therapeutic approaches is currently under investigation, such as stem cell-based therapies, gene-editing platforms such as CRISPR, and immunotherapies directed at pathogenic proteins. Moreover, phytochemicals such as β-caryophyllene and xanthohumol have demonstrated significant neuroprotective potential in preclinical models. These natural agents exert multifaceted effects by modulating neuroinflammatory pathways, oxidative stress responses, and aberrant protein aggregation—pathological mechanisms that are central to the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent investigations have increasingly emphasized the optimization of the pharmacokinetic properties of β-caryophyllene and xanthohumol through the development of advanced drug-delivery systems, including polymer- and lipid-based nano- and microscale carriers. Such advancements not only enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of these phytochemicals but also underscore their growing relevance as natural candidates in the development of future interventions for neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologically Active Molecules: Extraction Strategies, Therapeutic Potential and Biomedical Perspective)

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3 pages, 173 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Carbohydrate Chemistry II

by Alberto Marra

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3701; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183701 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

This Special Issue on carbohydrates, including seven original articles and one review article, is mainly focused on the synthesis of mono, di and oligosaccharide derivatives [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbohydrate Chemistry II)

11 pages, 1332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking the Biochemical Potential of Diadema setosum Tests: A Pathway Toward Circular Marine Bioeconomy

by Bilge Bilgin Fıçıcılar and Koray Korkmaz

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3700; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183700 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the biochemical and elemental composition of the test of Diadema setosum (D. setosum), a sea urchin species increasingly processed in Turkey, where the shell is commonly treated as industrial waste. Specimens were collected from the Mediterranean and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the biochemical and elemental composition of the test of Diadema setosum (D. setosum), a sea urchin species increasingly processed in Turkey, where the shell is commonly treated as industrial waste. Specimens were collected from the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas, and the test material was subjected to amino acid profiling, protein quantification, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The results revealed a considerable protein content (8.03%) and a rich amino acid spectrum dominated by glycine, aspartic acid, and arginine, supporting the presence of residual structural proteins even after processing. Mineral analysis showed a high calcium oxide concentration (43.19%), alongside significant levels of magnesium, phosphorus, strontium, and trace elements such as zinc, copper, and molybdenum. Rare earth elements and radionuclides including neodymium, samarium, and uranium were also detected, suggesting sediment interaction. These findings suggest that D. setosum tests could represent a sustainable source of bioavailable minerals and proteinaceous material, with prospective applications in fish or livestock feed, hydroxyapatite synthesis, or calcium oxide production, pending further validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Sustainability: Promising By-Products for Valorization—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 4017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Srtio₃-Based Composites for Photocatalytic Panels in Solar Hydrogen Production

by Aibol Baratov, Alexey Dikov, Lyubov Dikova, Tamara Aldabergenova, Timur Zholdybayev, Egor Maksimkin and Kira V. Tsay

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3699; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183699 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigates photocatalytic cells based on cocatalyst-loaded SrTiO₃:Al and nano-SiO₂ as a porous binder, immobilized on frosted glass. Comprehensive analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of aluminum into SrTiO₃, increasing oxygen vacancy concentration and enhancing charge transfer. The [...] Read more.

This study investigates photocatalytic cells based on cocatalyst-loaded SrTiO₃:Al and nano-SiO₂ as a porous binder, immobilized on frosted glass. Comprehensive analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of aluminum into SrTiO₃, increasing oxygen vacancy concentration and enhancing charge transfer. The deposition of RhCr₂O₃ and CoOOH cocatalysts significantly improved photocatalytic activity, boosting hydrogen and oxygen evolution rates to 3.8401 and 1.6319 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. The introduction of nano-SiO₂ increased hardness (0.23–0.25 GPa) and Young’s modulus (5.27–5.40 GPa), reinforcing structural integrity. The development of efficient photocatalytic panels requires a multifaceted strategy that considers chemical, mechanical, and optical properties together with stability, durability, and energy efficiency. Future research should focus on optimizing these key parameters to enhance system performance for industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Water-Splitting)

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15 pages, 2188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Utility of the Redox Cycle of Nitrofurantoin for the Development of a New Chemiluminescence Method for Its Analysis in Milk Samples

by Mahmoud El-Maghrabey, Ali Abdel-Hakim, Shiho Tagaya, Naotaka Kuroda and Naoya Kishikawa

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3698; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183698 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Nitrofurantoin is utilized in various industries, including dairy, livestock, poultry, and aquaculture, as a growth promoter and antibacterial agent. Because prolonged use can cause mutagenesis and other side effects, many countries have prohibited its use in food-producing animals. In this work, we introduce [...] Read more.

Nitrofurantoin is utilized in various industries, including dairy, livestock, poultry, and aquaculture, as a growth promoter and antibacterial agent. Because prolonged use can cause mutagenesis and other side effects, many countries have prohibited its use in food-producing animals. In this work, we introduce a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) approach for the quantitation of nitrofurantoin using its redox cycle activity. Nitrofurantoin is reduced to nitrofurantoin radicals by the reducing agent dithiothreitol, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during the reoxidation process (superoxide anion radical) are detected by luminol CL. The CL conditions were optimized, including types of solvents, CL and reducing reagents, and their concentrations. The method was validated as per International Council for Harmonization (ICHQ2(R2)) guidelines, regarding linearity, detection and quantitation limits, accuracy, and precision. A good linearity with r = 0.9992 was obtained between the CL intensity and the nitrofurantoin concentration in the range of 4.0–400.0 ng/mL with a high sensitivity down to 1.15 ng/mL. The method was utilized to determine nitrofurantoin in milk samples, and a good recovery range was obtained (97.5–103.1%; RSD ≤ 4.4%); the results were comparable to the reported method, demonstrating the method’s reliability. Finally, the method demonstrated good practicality using a recently developed assessment tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemiluminescence and Photoluminescence of Advanced Compounds)

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18 pages, 8730 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ginsenosides Enhanced Apoptosis of Serum-Free Starved A549 Lung Cancer Cells

by Jiwen Li, Keke Li, Mei Sun, Zhihong Gu, Lei Men, Xiaojie Gong and Zhongyu Li

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3697; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183697 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, where conventional chemotherapy is often limited by severe side effects and drug resistance. Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive triterpenoid saponins isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, have demonstrated potential in [...] Read more.

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, where conventional chemotherapy is often limited by severe side effects and drug resistance. Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive triterpenoid saponins isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, have demonstrated potential in combating non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, their efficacy under nutrient-deficient conditions remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginsenosides on the growth and death of lung cancer cells under low-nutrient conditions and to explore the underlying mechanisms. A549 cells were divided into two groups: one cultured in 10% serum and another under serum-free conditions, followed by treatment with ginsenosides CK, Rh2(S), and Rg3(S) for 24 h. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using a CCK-8 assay, Calcein/PI fluorescence staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, and flow cytometry. Potential targets and signaling pathways of ginsenosides were predicted using network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses. The mRNA expression of key genes was measured by qRT-PCR, and mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using JC-1 staining. The results showed that ginsenosides induced dose-dependent apoptosis in serum-starved A549 cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggested the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/FoxO signaling pathway, which was supported by decreased Akt mRNA levels and increased FoxO mRNA expression. Furthermore, mRNA levels of Bim, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 were significantly upregulated, accompanied by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings indicate that under serum deprivation, ginsenosides enhance apoptosis in A549 cells, likely through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/FoxO pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Opportunities of Natural Products in Drug Discovery)

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25 pages, 1400 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Designing a Small Molecule for PET Radiotracing: [¹⁸F]MC225 in Human Trials for Early Diagnosis in CNS Pathologies

by Francesco Mastropasqua, Gert Luurtsema, Cristina Filosa and Nicola Antonio Colabufo

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3696; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183696 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp, also known as MDR1 or ABCB1) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that actively effluxes a wide range of structurally and functionally diverse molecules, playing a crucial role in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. P-gp is highly expressed at key biological [...] Read more.

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp, also known as MDR1 or ABCB1) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that actively effluxes a wide range of structurally and functionally diverse molecules, playing a crucial role in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. P-gp is highly expressed at key biological barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), intestine, liver, and kidneys, and it serves as a gatekeeper against xenobiotics and therapeutics. Its dysregulation is involved in multidrug resistance (MDR), epilepsy, cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Several small molecules were synthesized using SAfIR and SAR, and, among them, [¹⁸F]MC225 showed the most promising results for in vivo human studies, with appropriate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics profiles for in vivo use. [¹⁸F]MC225 is currently being employed in PHASE II human trials at the UMC Groningen, the Netherlands, in patients diagnosed with AD, PD and MCI, as well as PHASE II human trials at the Policlinico Gemelli in Rome Italy to diagnose P-gp resistant depression. Preliminary studies show that [¹⁸F]MC225 radiotracer is behaving according to the initial predictions, that is, it accurately diagnoses the aforementioned pathologies, more so than previously developed small molecules for the same goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Molecule Drug Design and Discovery)

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26 pages, 1067 KB

Open AccessReview

Dried Matrix Spots for the Determination of Opiates and Opioids: Methodological Advances and Applications

by Luana M. Rosendo, Rita Gonçalves, Rodrigo Martins, Vitória Castro, Tiago Rosado, Mário Barroso and Eugenia Gallardo

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3695; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183695 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dried matrix spot (DMS) techniques have gained increasing attention in bioanalytical and forensic toxicology for the detection of opiates and opioids, offering minimally invasive sampling, enhanced sample stability, and simplified storage and transport. This review provides a critical overview of recent methodological advances [...] Read more.

Dried matrix spot (DMS) techniques have gained increasing attention in bioanalytical and forensic toxicology for the detection of opiates and opioids, offering minimally invasive sampling, enhanced sample stability, and simplified storage and transport. This review provides a critical overview of recent methodological advances and applications of DMS across multiple biological matrices, including blood, plasma, urine, and oral fluid. Particular focus is given to sample preparation protocols, extraction strategies, analytical instrumentation, and method performance. Dried blood spots (DBS) remain the most established format; however, alternative matrices such as dried plasma, urine, and saliva spots (DPS, DUS, DSS) are expanding the scope of DMS, particularly in decentralised and point-of-care contexts. Despite clear advantages, such as reduced biohazard risk and compatibility with high-throughput workflows, several limitations persist, including low sample volumes, matrix-specific recovery issues, and lack of standardised procedures. Future efforts should aim to optimise paper substrates, improve solvent–matrix compatibility, and integrate DMS workflows with automated or miniaturised mass spectrometry platforms. Overall, DMS techniques represent a versatile and evolving analytical platform with strong potential for reliable opioid monitoring in both clinical and forensic settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Chemistry in Europe: Towards Sustainability and Quality of Life, 3rd Edition)

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27 pages, 1622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Next-Generation Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Green Automation for Detecting 69 Multiclass Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Wastewater Using 96-Well Plate Solid-Phase Extraction by LC-MS/MS

by Bhaskar Karubothula, Veera Venkataramana Kota, Dnyaneshwar Shinde, Raghu Tadala, Vishnu Cheerala, Samara Bin Salem, Wael Faroug Elamin and Grzegorz Brudecki

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3694; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183694 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Conventional methods for detecting pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental samples are complex, resource-intensive, and not sustainable. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate an automated sample preparation approach using the Biomek i7 Workstation to analyze 69 PPCPs in wastewater, with the [...] Read more.

Conventional methods for detecting pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental samples are complex, resource-intensive, and not sustainable. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate an automated sample preparation approach using the Biomek i7 Workstation to analyze 69 PPCPs in wastewater, with the objective to improve monitoring of public health and environmental protection. The method underwent extensive development, including optimization of UPLC-MS/MS parameters, preparation of wastewater matrix blank sample and assessment of extraction efficiency using three types of SPE cartridges. Extraction efficiency trials revealed that the order of suitability for SPE cartridges is Mixed-Mode Anion Exchange (MAX) > Mixed-Mode Cation Exchange (MCX) > Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB). The method demonstrated specificity for all targeted PPCPs, with the max interfering peak for 1, 7 Dimethylxanthine reaching 14.79% of the response at the target limit of quantification (LOQ). The method met ±20% matrix effect tolerance for 63 PPCPs, while 6 PPCPs showed signal enhancement. The 8-point procedural calibration curve prepared using automated robotic extraction has demonstrated linearity across the tested range. A spiking study at low (LQC), medium (MQC), and high (HQC) quality control levels (n = 6), repeated on three separate occasions, showed % RSD values within 20% and % recovery between 80 and 120%. The method met validation requirements, showed reliability in Intra-Laboratory Comparison, Blind Testing (BT) and received high ratings for greenness (Green Analytical Procedure Index, Analytical GREEnness) and practicality (Blue Applicability Grade Index). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of LC-MS in Pharmaceutical Analysis)

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10 pages, 1162 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Neutral Glycosylation Reactions in the Absence of Reagent Activators

by Shanika M. P. Gamage, Geraud Valentin, Samir Ghosh, Pradheep Eradi, Rahul S. Bagul, David Crich and Peter R. Andreana

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3693; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183693 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Use of a microwave-labile leaving group, 2,4-dinitrophenyl (2,4-DNP), leads to O-glycosylation in 70–80% yields with high α-selectivity. The 2,4-DNP glycosyl donors, protected with electron-donating benzyl ethers, gave the best results under controlled microwave conditions, which were all conducted in polar aprotic solvents, [...] Read more.

Use of a microwave-labile leaving group, 2,4-dinitrophenyl (2,4-DNP), leads to O-glycosylation in 70–80% yields with high α-selectivity. The 2,4-DNP glycosyl donors, protected with electron-donating benzyl ethers, gave the best results under controlled microwave conditions, which were all conducted in polar aprotic solvents, such as DMF, and were all conducted in the absence of any reagent-activating additives such as a Lewis acid/base or Brønsted–Lowry acid/base. This method represents concerted efforts towards reagent-free neutral glycosylation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)

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1 pages, 124 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Liu et al. Recent Development on the Synthesis Strategies and Mechanisms of Co₃O₄-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction: A Review. Molecules 2025, 30, 3238

by Yu Liu, Yifan Jia, Hongxing Jia and Liangjuan Gao

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3692; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183692 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Addition of an Author [...] Full article

15 pages, 4406 KB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis of Janus Particles by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

by Yingying Wu, Yingchun Long, Guolin Zhang, Qiuhua Wu and Fuxin Liang

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3691; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183691 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Janus particles (JPs), as a special material with anisotropic chemical or physical partitioning, show great potential for application in the fields of material science, biomedicine, energy, and environment. How to achieve fine structural control and large-scale synthesis of JPs is the key point [...] Read more.

Janus particles (JPs), as a special material with anisotropic chemical or physical partitioning, show great potential for application in the fields of material science, biomedicine, energy, and environment. How to achieve fine structural control and large-scale synthesis of JPs is the key point and difficulty for JPs. Seeded emulsion polymerization, as a simple and efficient method, plays an important role in the controlled fabrication of JPs. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in the preparation of JPs via seeded emulsion polymerization. We systematically summarize the process mechanisms and key parameters influencing the formation of Janus structures, with particular emphasis on the effects of seed characteristics, polymerization conditions, and component selection on particle morphology and anisotropy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterophase Polymerization and Functional Polymer Microspheres/Microcapsules)

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18 pages, 7269 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pack Chromizing on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of GCr15 Bearing Steel

by Dejun Yan, Chunbei Wei, Peng Tang, Shuqi Huang, Songsheng Lin, Qian Shi and Xiaodong Hong

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3690; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183690 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Chromizing layers are widely employed in industrial applications due to their superior wear resistance and corrosion resistance. In this study, GCr15 bearing steel was chromized by a solid powder pack chromizing method, and the influence of chromizing time on the microstructure and mechanical [...] Read more.

Chromizing layers are widely employed in industrial applications due to their superior wear resistance and corrosion resistance. In this study, GCr15 bearing steel was chromized by a solid powder pack chromizing method, and the influence of chromizing time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the chromized layers was systematically investigated. The results reveal the presence of fine pores dispersed both on the surface and at the chromized layers/substrate interface. The concentration of the Cr and Fe elements displays a gradient distribution throughout the layers. The chromized layers are primarily composed of (Cr,Fe)₂₃C₆ and (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ phases. With an increase in the chromizing time, the thickness and hardness of the chromized layers are gradually increased. A large number of radial and circumferential cracks are observed both within and around the indentation regions, accompanied by spalling at the edge. The brittleness of the chromized layer is increased, and the spalling phenomenon becomes more pronounced with prolonged chromizing time. The chromizing treatment significantly improves the tribological performance of GCr15 steel, reducing its wear rate to approximately one fifth of that of the untreated substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electroanalysis of Biochemistry and Material Chemistry—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Biological Evaluation of Human Tyrosinase Inhibitors from the Fruit of Xanthium strumarium L.

by Gengxuan Shi, Yaoying Lu, Yougang Zhang, Ke Zheng, Jean Giacomotto, Kathryn F. Tonissen and Yunjiang Feng

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3689; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183689 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Tyrosinase catalyzes the rate-limiting steps of melanin production, posing as an important target for treating skin pigmentation. This study investigates bioactive human tyrosinase inhibitors from Xanthium strumarium L. using a combined strategy of cell lysate, cell-based, and zebrafish assays. In this study, the [...] Read more.

Tyrosinase catalyzes the rate-limiting steps of melanin production, posing as an important target for treating skin pigmentation. This study investigates bioactive human tyrosinase inhibitors from Xanthium strumarium L. using a combined strategy of cell lysate, cell-based, and zebrafish assays. In this study, the methanol extract of Xanthium strumarium L. was identified as a potent inhibitor against tyrosinase in a cell lysate assay utilizing human MM418C1 melanoma cells. Subsequent phytochemical analysis resulted in the isolation of 11 natural products, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HB), three nucleotides, four caffeoylquinic acids and three alkaloids. Biological activity evaluation of isolated compounds suggested that 4HB was a potent inhibitor against tyrosinase with an IC₅₀ value of 59.5 μg/mL. Further evaluations revealed that 4HB significantly reduced the melanin content by 40% at the concentration of 500 mg/mL in human MM418C1 melanoma cells. 4HB activity was finally confirmed in vivo, by the demonstration of 40% reduction in melanin production in live zebrafish at the concentration of 15.63 μg/mL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities of Traditional Medicinal Plants, 2nd Edition)

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37 pages, 1750 KB

Open AccessReview

Multi-Target Pharmacological Effects of Asiatic Acid: Advances in Structural Modification and Novel Drug Delivery Systems

by Xiaofan Dong, Tianyi Wang, Chenjia Gao, Yulong Cui and Lingjun Li

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3688; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183688 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Asiatic acid is an ursane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid compound extracted from the Umbelliferae plant Centella asiatica. Studies have shown that asiatic acid exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and wound healing effects. Asiatic acid is currently [...] Read more.

Asiatic acid is an ursane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid compound extracted from the Umbelliferae plant Centella asiatica. Studies have shown that asiatic acid exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and wound healing effects. Asiatic acid is currently used in clinical settings in the form of tablets, capsules, and ointments, primarily for treating inflammation as well as burns, keloids, and other skin disorders. However, its poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and low oral bioavailability have limited its clinical application for other diseases. Therefore, improving its water solubility and bioavailability is a prerequisite for addressing the limitations of asiatic acid in clinical use. This review summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms of action of asiatic acid and explains the reasons for its limited clinical application. This review describes methods to improve bioavailability through structural modifications of asiatic acid and the development of new formulations. It also focuses on enhancing the pharmacological effects of asiatic acid through the development and utilization of novel formulations such as nanoformulations and hydrogel formulations, providing a theoretical basis for the clinical translation of asiatic acid and the further research and development of asiatic acid-based drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds: Applications and Benefits for Human Health)

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15 pages, 4244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Origin of the Fast Polymerization Rates and Monomer Universality of Pyrazole-Based Photoiniferters

by Bo Wang, Xuegang Liu, Zhilei Wang, Chenyu Wu, Zikuan Wang and Wenjian Liu

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3687; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183687 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Herein, we report a combined computational and experimental investigation into the recently reported universal pyrazole-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents (Z−C(=S)−S−R, where Z is 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl), which can mediate controlled radical polymerization of a broad scope of monomers without the need [...] Read more.

Herein, we report a combined computational and experimental investigation into the recently reported universal pyrazole-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents (Z−C(=S)−S−R, where Z is 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl), which can mediate controlled radical polymerization of a broad scope of monomers without the need for an additional initiator or catalyst. The results reveal that the high molar absorption coefficient and efficient photolysis kinetics of pyrazole-based chain transfer agents (CTAs) under blue light (

λ_{\max}

= 465 nm) enable rapid radical generation, underpinning ultrafast polymerization of acrylates, acrylamides, methacrylates, and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP). While the efficient light absorption is attributed to structural dissimilarity between the Z group and the S–R group (which breaks the local symmetry of the C=S group), the fast photolysis originates from favorable

π

electron donation from the Z group to the C=S group. Meanwhile, the

π

electron donation is still weaker than in xanthates, which explains the excellent control of a wide range of monomers, except methacrylates. This work establishes design principles for next-generation CTAs for ultrafast and monomer-universal photoiniferter RAFT polymerization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Macromolecular Chemistry)

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22 pages, 5999 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Neuroprotective Effects of Cyanidin Derivatives on AlCl₃-Induced Zebrafish Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

by Yun Wu, Yidan Gao, Fangfang Tie, Ruinan Wang, Na Hu, Qi Dong, Chunxiang Fu and Honglun Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3686; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183686 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cholinergic deficits and neuronal damage, making acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a crucial therapeutic target. Cyanidin derivatives, sourced from the diet as anthocyanins, exhibit neuroprotective properties, yet comparative investigations are scarce. This research explored the neuroprotective impacts of five cyanidin [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cholinergic deficits and neuronal damage, making acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a crucial therapeutic target. Cyanidin derivatives, sourced from the diet as anthocyanins, exhibit neuroprotective properties, yet comparative investigations are scarce. This research explored the neuroprotective impacts of five cyanidin derivatives, namely cyanidin-3-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-diglycoside (C3GG), cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (C3R), cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside (C3A), cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside (C3S), and cyanidin-3-O-xyloside (C3X), utilizing an aluminum-chloride (AlCl₃)-induced zebrafish model of AD. The administration of these compounds ameliorated zebrafish locomotor impairments, suppressed AChE activity, decreased brain oxidative stress levels, upregulated AD-related gene expression, and mitigated brain tissue pathological changes. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations indicated that cyanidin derivatives exhibit robust binding affinity and stable binding to AChE. Particularly, C3R demonstrated the most potent multi-faceted neuroprotective effects among the tested derivatives, suggesting its potential as a promising lead compound for AD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Natural Products in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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25 pages, 1168 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compounds and Traditional Uses of Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A.Mey.) Sch.Bip.: A Comprehensive Study on Its Therapeutic Potential

by Parvaneh Sheydaei, Susana Ferreira, Micaela Almeida, Alexandra Coimbra, Fatemeh Yousefbeyk, Eugenia Gallardo, Luiza Breitenfeld, Maria Emília Amaral and Ana Paula Duarte

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3685; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183685 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A.Mey.) Sch. Bip. is known as the “Plain Chamomile” of the Asteraceae family, the most prominent plant family and one that has been studied extensively due to its numerous genera and species. In traditional herbal medicine, T. disciforme has been used [...] Read more.

Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A.Mey.) Sch. Bip. is known as the “Plain Chamomile” of the Asteraceae family, the most prominent plant family and one that has been studied extensively due to its numerous genera and species. In traditional herbal medicine, T. disciforme has been used to treat digestive, neurological, and skin disorders. This study aimed to document ethnobotanical knowledge and assess the pharmacological potential of medicinal plants, specifically T. disciforme, across the provinces of Guilan, Alborz, and Qazvin in Iran, through ethnobotanical surveys. These surveys identified the most utilized plant families as Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Theaceae, with T. disciforme cited by 42% of participants, emphasizing its significance in local traditional medicine. Given its high relative frequency of citation and reported medicinal applications, T. disciforme extracts were subjected to UHPLC–timsTOF–MS analysis for further phytochemical profiling and a series of biological assays. Several phenolic compounds such as neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylethanol acetate were recurrently detected across extracts. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (IC₅₀ = 12.496 µg/mL) and exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus (MIC = 312 µg/mL). Additionally, the hexane extract revealed notable cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, to date, this is the first investigation of T. disciforme to integrate ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological approaches to medicinal plant research in these regions of Iran. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities of Traditional Medicinal Plants, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 4063 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Bioactive Antioxidants and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Apis cerana L. Honey from Thailand for the Enhancement of Human Health

by Udomsap Jaitham, Sumed Yadoung, Phannika Tongchai, Peerapong Jeeno, Pichamon Yana, Nid Lungmala, Kanlayanee Boonthawee, Kunrunya Sutan, Khanchai Danmek, Jakkrawut Maitip, Chuleui Jung, Bajaree Chuttong and Surat Hongsibsong

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3684; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183684 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Honey is renowned for its natural antioxidant properties, which help mitigate oxidative stress and lower the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, cancer, chronic inflammation, and immune dysfunction. This study investigated the antioxidant potential and bioactive compound profiles of 38 Apis cerana [...] Read more.

Honey is renowned for its natural antioxidant properties, which help mitigate oxidative stress and lower the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, cancer, chronic inflammation, and immune dysfunction. This study investigated the antioxidant potential and bioactive compound profiles of 38 Apis cerana L. honey samples from Thailand and 2 Manuka honey samples using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, along with the evaluation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant activities measured showed a wide range of IC₅₀ values, such as the DPPH assay, ranging from 1.59 ± 0.134 mg/L to 824.30 ± 0.64 mg/mL. Manuka honey exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. However, Apis cerana L. honey samples, such as sample no. 14, no. 16, and no. 20, showed comparable performance in the ABTS and FRAP. In addition, several samples of Apis cerana L. honey, such as no. 12, no. 14, and no. 21, also contain high levels of antioxidants, indicating that Apis cerana L. honey has potential as a health food. The results of this study indicate that Thai honey exhibits notable antioxidant capacity and contains significant levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, suggesting its potential as a natural dietary source for supporting oxidative stress management. These results indicate that some Apis cerana L. honey samples from Thailand have antioxidant properties comparable to Manuka honey. Although differences in floral origin, geographic origin, and bee species should be taken into account, Thai Apis cerana L. shows good potential as a natural source of beneficial bioactive compounds. This highlights its potential for use in functional foods and nutritional interventions targeting oxidative stress-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Honeybee Products)

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37 pages, 954 KB

Open AccessReview

Bioactive Plant Peptides: Physicochemical Features, Structure-Function Insights and Mechanism of Action

by Sara Avilés-Gaxiola, Israel García-Aguiar, Luis Alfonso Jiménez-Ortega, Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva and José Basilio Heredia

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3683; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183683 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Different cultures worldwide have attributed particular healing abilities to various plants for a long time. After decades of studies, research has demonstrated that their bioactivity is associated mainly with the presence of natural products, including short protein fragments known as peptides. These molecules [...] Read more.

Different cultures worldwide have attributed particular healing abilities to various plants for a long time. After decades of studies, research has demonstrated that their bioactivity is associated mainly with the presence of natural products, including short protein fragments known as peptides. These molecules may occur naturally in plants or be generated from plant protein through enzyme hydrolysis. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has linked plant-derived peptides to diverse biological activities, underscoring the importance of their structural and physicochemical features in determining functionality. Compared with peptides of animal or microbial origin, plant peptides stand out for their high abundance in sustainable sources, low allergenic potential, and distinctive structural traits- such as enrichment in hydrophobic and aromatic residues- that influence their stability, mechanisms of action, and biological functions. This review compiles and analyzes current literature to provide insights into how amino acid composition, secondary structure, net charge, and hydrophobicity influence peptide bioactivity. In addition, the review highlights the mechanisms of action most frequently described for plant peptides. Finally, the article discusses the current landscape and prospects of peptide-based drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Natural Sources)

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16 pages, 1153 KB

Open AccessArticle

Guanidino-Aryl Derivatives: Binding to DNA, RNA and G-Quadruplex Structure and Antimetabolic Activity

by Davor Margetić, Petra Jadrijević-Mladar, Anamaria Brozovic and Lidija-Marija Tumir

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3682; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183682 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

A series of novel guanidino-aryl (GA) compounds containing phenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, and naphthalene aromatic cores were synthesized to investigate their interactions with DNA, RNA, and G-quadruplex structures. Among the novel compounds, the phenanthrene-guanidino compound demonstrated the highest micromolar affinity for AT-DNA, [...] Read more.

A series of novel guanidino-aryl (GA) compounds containing phenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, and naphthalene aromatic cores were synthesized to investigate their interactions with DNA, RNA, and G-quadruplex structures. Among the novel compounds, the phenanthrene-guanidino compound demonstrated the highest micromolar affinity for AT-DNA, possibly due to partial phenanthrene intercalation in addition to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions of guanidine cation. All new guanidino-aryl GA compounds bind strongly to the Tel22 G-quadruplex structure with similar affinities regardless of aromatic core size. The 1:1 stoichiometric complex is stabilised by π-π stacking interactions with the top or bottom G-tetrad, together with strong electrostatic interactions of the guanidino cation. The guanidino-porphyrin PoGU displayed distinct binding stoichiometry, indicating possible sandwiching between two G-quadruplex structures. Within the GA compounds tested, guanidino-fluorene exhibited moderate antimetabolic activity against the HeLa cell line, without selectivity against the healthy cell line. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Synthesis and Applications of Bioactive Compounds)

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16 pages, 1718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Generic Bio-Interface for Immuno-Biodetection on an Oxide Surface Targeting Pathogen Bacteria

by Thibaut Zwingelstein, Thérèse Leblois and Vincent Humblot

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3681; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183681 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

With the increase in contamination by microbial agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.) in the fields of agri-food, healthcare, and environment, it is necessary to detect and quantify these biological elements present in complex fluids in a short time with high selectivity, high sensitivity, and, [...] Read more.

With the increase in contamination by microbial agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.) in the fields of agri-food, healthcare, and environment, it is necessary to detect and quantify these biological elements present in complex fluids in a short time with high selectivity, high sensitivity, and, if possible, moderate cost. Acoustic wave biosensors, based on immuno-detection, appear to meet a certain number of these criteria. In this context, we are developing a generic antibody-based biointerface that can detect a wide range of pathogenic bacterial agents using a specific bioreceptor. Based on the silane–oxide chemistry, the process is transferable to any kind of surface that can be either oxidized in surface or activated with O₂-plasma, for instance. For this proof of concept, we have chosen to develop our biointerface on titanium and lithium niobate surfaces. The development of the biointerface consists of grafting antibodies via a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of an aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and a linker (phenylene diisothiocyanate, PDITC). Two functionalization routes were tested for grafting APTES: in anhydrous toluene followed by a heating step at 110 °C or in chloroform at room temperature. The results obtained on titanium show comparable grafting efficiency between these two routes, allowing us to consider the transposition of the route at room temperature on lithium niobate. The latest route was chosen for fragile materials that do not require the heating steps necessary when using toluene for grafting aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Different surface characterization techniques were used, such as IR spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle (WCA), to verify the successful grafting of each layer. Biodetection experiments in static conditions were also carried out to demonstrate the specificity of pathogenic detection, testing an ideal medium with solely bacteria, with no other food sampling nutrients. This paper demonstrates the successful elaboration of a biointerface using APTES as the first anchoring layer, with chloroform as a mild solvent. The process is easily transferable to any kind of fragile surface. Moreover, following anti-L. monocytogenes antibodies, our biointerface shows a specificity of capture in static mode (at a concentration of 10⁷ CFU/mL for an incubation time of 4 h at 37 °C) of up to 98% compared to a species negative control (E. coli) and up to 85% in terms of strain specificity (L. innocua). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry)

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25 pages, 12500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gemmological, Spectroscopic, and Origin Description Studies of Tourmaline from Yunnan, China

by Qishen Zhou, Fangmin Zhan, Haochi Yu, Zhuo Lu and Xin Wan

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3680; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183680 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Nujiang region of Yunnan is by far the richest tourmaline-producing mining area in China. Since the discovery of the tourmaline-bearing deposit in Yunnan Province in 1980, there have been few comprehensive gemmological studies of this deposit. Therefore, the results of tests on [...] Read more.

The Nujiang region of Yunnan is by far the richest tourmaline-producing mining area in China. Since the discovery of the tourmaline-bearing deposit in Yunnan Province in 1980, there have been few comprehensive gemmological studies of this deposit. Therefore, the results of tests on 32 tourmaline samples from the Fugong and Gongshan regions of Yunnan are reported in this paper. The chemical composition of the Yunnan tourmalines was analyzed, and the contents of major trace elements were compared with those of tourmaline samples from different localities reported in the literature to highlight their specific provenance characteristics. Microscopic observation revealed the presence of liquid, gas, and solid inclusions; Raman spectra indicated the presence of constitutional water and CH₄-C₂H₆ dihydrate in the Yunnan tourmalines and also pointed to the influence pattern of the Fe content. The infrared spectrum in the range of 4000–4800 cm⁻¹ showed the frequency of metal cations and hydroxyl groups. Based on the characteristic peaks at 4343 cm⁻¹ and 4600 cm⁻¹, a quick distinction between elbaite and dravite could be made. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy analysis showed that in yellow tourmalines, Mn²⁺-Ti⁴⁺ IVCT is the main cause of color, while green coloration occurs due to Fe²⁺–Fe³⁺ interactions or Cr³⁺ and V³⁺, and the pink color is caused by Mn³⁺ d-d transitions. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectra revealed the presence of the main fluorescence peaks at λex280/λem320 nm and λex265/λem510 nm in the tourmaline samples analyzed and the fluorescence intensity with Ti and Fe contents. Full article

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20 pages, 1726 KB

Open AccessReview

From Apple Waste to Antimicrobial Solutions: A Review of Phenolics from PGI ‘Maçã de Alcobaça’ and Related Cultivars

by Jessica Ribeiro, Vanessa Silva, Maria de Lurdes N. E. Dapkevicius, Gilberto Igrejas, Lillian Barros, Sandrina A. Heleno, Filipa S. Reis and Patrícia Poeta

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3679; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183679 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Apple by-products represent a valuable source of phenolic compounds with significant antimicrobial potential, aligning with sustainable strategies for waste valorisation within the circular bioeconomy. This review focuses on the phenolic profile and antimicrobial relevance of ‘Maçã de Alcobaça,’ a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) [...] Read more.

Apple by-products represent a valuable source of phenolic compounds with significant antimicrobial potential, aligning with sustainable strategies for waste valorisation within the circular bioeconomy. This review focuses on the phenolic profile and antimicrobial relevance of ‘Maçã de Alcobaça,’ a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) apple variety from Portugal. The main phenolics identified include phloridzin, phloretin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin glycosides, catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidins, which exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Their structure–activity relationships and mechanisms of action, namely membrane disruption, enzyme inhibition, oxidative stress induction, and quorum sensing interference, are discussed. Different extraction methods and solvents influence phenolic yield and bioactivity, with ethyl acetate and hydromethanolic extracts generally showing stronger effects. Studies reveal the potential of phenolics to interact synergistically with antibiotics and the promising applications in food preservation, medical formulations, and antimicrobial packaging. Overall, apple-derived phenolics, particularly those derived from industrial by-products, have significant potential as natural antimicrobial agents. Further exploration of these phenolics in the context of One Health and antimicrobial resistance mitigation is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Natural Compounds Research: Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 2294 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Obesity, Lipid-Lowering, and Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of CB-02 in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Hoang Lan Hiep, Phung Van Bang, Nguyen Dinh Nhan, Nguyen Hoang Ngan, Dao Cuong To, Nguyen Van Dung and Le Hong Phu

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3678; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183678 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Obesity, along with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, is a metabolic disorder growing in prevalence that is linked to chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated the anti-obesity, lipid-lowering, and anti-hyperglycemic effects of CB-02 capsules containing dry extracts of [...] Read more.

Obesity, along with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, is a metabolic disorder growing in prevalence that is linked to chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated the anti-obesity, lipid-lowering, and anti-hyperglycemic effects of CB-02 capsules containing dry extracts of Phyllanthus emblica L., Dendrobium catenatum Lindl., and Gynostemma pentaphyllum in HFD-induced obese Swiss albino mice. After 12 weeks of HFD induction, mice were treated orally with CB-02 (576 or 1152 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. CB-02 significantly reduced BW gain, AC, the Lee obesity index, and the relative weights of visceral fat and major organs. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing TC, TG, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C, while increasing HDL-C. These effects were comparable to orlistat (60 mg/kg/day). Furthermore, CB-02 lowered fasting glucose and improved insulin sensitivity, as indicated by an increased QUICKI and HOMA-β and reduced HOMA-IR. Histopathological evaluation showed that CB-02 reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration and also attenuated β-cell morphological alterations and pancreatic histopathological damage. These results suggest that CB-02 may be a promising therapeutic candidate for managing obesity and its comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis, contributing to the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in obese individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products for the Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity II)

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21 pages, 3663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of a Novel Nanobody Panel for the Efficient Capture of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Plasma

by Marija Tursunović, Lidija Filipović, Ninoslav Mitić, Sanja Stevanović, Milica Spasojević Savković, Ario de Marco and Milica Popović

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3677; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183677 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles released by cells and are significant components in intercellular communication. Their ability to reflect the molecular state of parental cells and their presence in body fluids make them increasingly recognized as promising non-invasive biomarkers for different pathological [...] Read more.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles released by cells and are significant components in intercellular communication. Their ability to reflect the molecular state of parental cells and their presence in body fluids make them increasingly recognized as promising non-invasive biomarkers for different pathological conditions. However, the existence of different EV populations and frequent co-isolation of contaminants present challenges for EV purification and downstream analyses. In this study, we used three novel nanobodies (VHH) for selective isolation of EVs from human plasma. Nanobodies were obtained by direct panning on EVs. All examined nanobodies have excellent physicochemical properties resulting in excellent expression and solubility. The three nanobodies being studied—NA8, ND10₁, and ND10₂—share a conserved VHH scaffold but exhibit different loop architectures. The Biopython ProtParam module was used for calculation of VHH physicochemical properties, while sequence alignments for evaluation of variations were performed with the Biopython pairwise2 module. In addition, structural modeling of nanobodies with AlphaFold revealed notable differences in CDR3 conformations. VHH were produced in E. coli, and upon immobilization onto a solid carrier, they were used for immunoaffinity-based capture of EVs from human plasma. Combined characterization of isolated EVs supports efficient application of an immunoaffinity-based system based on such nanobodies for the isolation of EVs from human plasma to be used for downstream analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Biology)

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