Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant Derived Phytochemicals against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Acanthoic Acid
1.2. Ajoene
1.3. Alpha Hederin
1.4. Amyrin
1.5. Andrographolide
1.6. Anthocyanins
1.7. Apigenin
1.8. Arjunolic Acid
1.9. Berberine
1.10. Bixin
1.11. Boswellic Acid
1.12. Brusatol
1.13. Caffeic Acid
1.14. Calamusins
1.15. Carnosic Acid
1.16. Chlorogenic Acid
1.17. Chrysin
1.18. Corynoline, Acetylcorynoline and Protopine
1.19. Curcumin
1.20. Diallyl Sulfide
1.21. Dioscin
1.22. Diosmin
1.23. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
1.24. Esculetin
1.25. Ferulic Acid
1.26. Fulvotomentosides
1.27. Galangin
1.28. Gallic Acid
1.29. Genistein
1.30. Geranylgeranylacetone
1.31. Gingerol
1.32. Ginkgolide
1.33. Glycyrrhetinic Acid
1.34. Glycyrrhizin
1.35. Gomisin A
1.36. Guajavadimer A
1.37. Hesperidin
1.38. Homopterocarpin
1.39. Hyperoside
1.40. Isoquercitrin
1.41. Isorhamnetin
1.42. Kaempferol Derivatives
1.43. Lophirones
1.44. Lupeol
1.45. Luteolin
1.46. Magnolol
1.47. Meso-Zeaxanthin
1.48. Methoxypsoralen
1.49. Methyl Sulfonylmethane
1.50. Morin
1.51. Naphthoflavone
1.52. Naringenin
1.53. Oleanolic Acid
1.54. Paenol
1.55. Panaxatriol
1.56. Procyanidins
1.57. Pterostilbene
1.58. Punicalagin and Punicalin
1.59. Quercetin
1.60. Resveratrol
1.61. Rhein
1.62. Rutin
1.63. Saikosaponin D
1.64. Salidroside
1.65. Salvianolic Acids
1.66. Saponarin
1.67. Sauchinone
1.68. Schisandrol Derivatives
1.69. Sesamol
1.70. Silybin
1.71. Sweroside
1.72. Syringic Acid
1.73. Tannic Acid
1.74. Thymoquinone
1.75. Withferin A
1.76. Miscellaneous
2. Discussions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phytochemical | Dose of Phytochemical | Dose of APAP and Route | Efficacy and Major Mechanisms | CYP2E1 Inhibition | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthoic acid | 50, 100 mg/kg, p. o. 2h before APAP | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antinecrotic | No | [27] |
Ajoene | 20,50,100 mg/kg, p. o., 2 & 24 h before APAP | 300 mg/kg, p. o. | LFT, GSH | No | [30] |
Apigenin | 100, 200 mg/kg | 350 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E | No | [39] |
Astaxanthin | 30, 60 mg/kg, p. o. × 14 days | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of JNK signal pathway and phosphorylation of ERK and P38 | No | [170] |
Baicalin | 15, 30, 60 mg/kg, p. o. | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, cytokines, H&E, decrease hepatic phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression | No | [171,172] |
Berberine | 1 or 5 mg/kg, i. p | 500 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, mortality, NLRP3 inflammasome pathway | No | [43] |
Boswellic acid | 0.05, 0.1% in diet × 4 weeks | 400 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, cytokines and chemokines, toll-like receptor signaling and H&E | Yes | [45] |
Carnosic acid | 100 mg/kg × 3 days | 400 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, Nrf2/Keap pathway, H&E | No | [51] |
Chlorogenic acid | 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg × 7days | 300 mg/kg, i. g | LFT, antioxidants, antiapoptotic, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 kinases mediated MAPK pathway | No | [173] |
Chlorogenic acid | 10, 20, 40 mg/kg at 1h after given AP | 400 mg/kg, and another 3h later | LFT, MPO, H&E, pro-inflamatory cytokines, chemokines, TLR3/4 and NFκB signaling | No | [53] |
Corynoline, acetylcorynoline and protopine | 50, 100 mg/kg, 8 to 24 h before APAP | - | LFT, antioxidants | Yes | [58] |
Esculentoside A | 2.5 mg/kg, i. p. twice in a day | 400, 900 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E, increases Nrf2 expression and phosphorylation of AMPK, Akt and GSK3β | No | [174] |
Ferulic acid | 30, 100 mg/kg, p. o., t.d. × 3 days | 350 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E, MAPK and TLR4 pathway | Yes | [75] |
Gallic acid | 100 mg/kg, i. p. 30 min after APAP | 900 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants | No | [80] |
6-Gingerol | 30 mg/kg, 30 min after APAP | 900 mg/kg | LFT, antioxidants, comparable to the standard drug silymarin | No | [86] |
Glycyrrhetinic acid | 500 mg/kg × 20 days before APAP | 400 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, metabolism pathway of fatty acids, palmtioylcarnitine and oleoylcarnitine | No | [90] |
Glycyrrhizin | Oral, i. p. and i. v. | 200-600 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, antiapptotic, H & E, only i. p., i. v. effective | Yes | [175] |
Hyperoside | 10, 50, 100 mg/kg, p. o. for 3 days before APAP | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, Nrf2/Keap pathway, Phase II enzymes | Yes | [97] |
Isoquercitrin | 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg, p. o. for 3 days before APAP | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, Pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, NF-κB/MAPK pathway | Yes | [98] |
Kaempferoll8-C-β-galactoside and C-glycoside | 25, 50, 75 mg/kg | 500 mg/kg | LFT, H&E, comparable to silymarin | No | [101] |
Luteolin and quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside | 200, 400 mg/kg, p. o. for 14 days | 2 g/kg, p. o. × 14 days | LFT, antioxidants, H&E | No | [176] |
Lycopene | 10, 100mg/kg, p. o. | 500 mg/kg, p. o. | LFT, antioxidants, MMP-2, H&E, morphometry | No | [177,178] |
Naringenin | 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, p. o. | 250 mg/kg, s. c. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E | No | [113] |
Paeonol | 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, p. o., 6 and 24 h before APAP | 400 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, chemokines and cytokines, JNK pathways | No | [122] |
Fulvotomentosides, oleanolic acid, total saponins of Panax japonicus & Panax notoginseng, sweroside, oxymatrine, dimethyl dicarboxylate biphenyl, | - | - | LFT, H&E, Fulvomentosides found most potent, oleanic acid, total saponins of Panax japonicus and Panax notoginseng had moderate hepatoprotective effects, sweroside, oxymatrine and dimethyl dicarboxylate biphenyl had no effect on APAP toxicity | No | [77] |
α-Hederin and sapindoside B | 20 mg/kg, s. c. twice | - | LFT, H&E, mortality | No | [78] |
Procyanidins | 1 or 10 mg/kg, p. o. | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, enhanced Nrf2/ARE activity and phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes | Yes | [126] |
Rutin | 20 mg/kg, p. o. | 640 mg/kg, p. o. | LFT, antioxidants | No | [142] |
Sodium ferulate | 100 mg/kg, p. o., q.d. × 10 days | 130 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants | No | [74] |
Salidroside | 50, 100 mg/kg 2 h before APAP | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, antiapoptotic, H&E, parallel with NAC | No | [144] |
Salvianolic acid B | 25 and 50 mg/kg, i. g. × 3 days | 300 mg/kg, i. g. | LFT, antioxidants, Nrf2, HO-1 and Gclc activation of the PI3K and PKC pathways | Yes | [147] |
Sauchinone | 6 h after APAP | 500 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E, Keap1/Nrf2 and GSK3β-PKCδ pathway | No | [150] |
Schisandrol B | 200 mg/kg, p. o. for 3 days before APAP | 400 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, H&E, antioxidants, Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway | No | [153] |
Schisandrol B | 6.25, 25 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days before APAP | 400 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, antiapoptotic (p53, p21, CCND1, PCNA, and BCL-2) | Yes | [152] |
Schisandrin derivatives | 200 mg/kg/day, p. o. | 400 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E | Yes | [151] |
Silipide | 400 mg/kg, p. o. | - | LFT, antioxidant activities | No | [159] |
Quercitrin | 10, 50 mg/kg, p. o. × 7 days | 300 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants and Nrf2/ARE, anti-inflammatory, MAPK pathways including ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK, comparable to silymarin | No | [179] |
Tannic acid | 25, 50 mg/kg, p. o. × 3 days | 400 mg/kg, p. o. | LFT, antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, H&E, suppressed c-Fos, c-Jun, NF-κB (p65) and caspase-3, regulated Bax/Bcl-2, Nrf2 and HO-1 | No | [163] |
Trans-anethole | 62.5, 125, 250 mg/kg, p. o. | 250 mg/kg, p. o. in mice | LFT, antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, morphometrics, H&E | No | [180] |
Withaferin A | 7 mg/kg, p. o. in Nrf2 KO mice | 250 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, Keap1-independent & Pten/PI3K/Akt-dependent | No | [181] |
Phytochemical | Dose of Phytochemical | Route and Dose of APAP | Efficacy and Major Mechanisms | CYP2E1 Inhibition | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrographolide | 200 mg/kg, i. p., 1, 4 & 7 h after APAP | 3 g/kg, p. o. | LFT, H&E, antioxidants | No | [33] |
Berberine | 4 mg/kg; p. o. twice × 2 days or 4 mg/kg every 6 h | - | LFT, antioxidants | Yes | [42] |
Chlorogenic acid | 40 mg/kg p. o. × 7 days | 300 mg/kg, intragastric | LFT, antioxidants LFT, antioxidants | Yes | [54] |
Esculetin | 6 mg/kg | 640 mg/kg, p. o. | LFT, antioxidants | No | [73] |
Gomisin A | 50 mg/kg | 750 mg/kg i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, antiapoptotic, H&E | No | [92] |
Hesperidin | 100, 200 mg/kg × 14 days | 750 mg/kg, p. o. | LFT, antioxidants, antioapoptotic, H&E | No | [95] |
Liquiritigenin & Schisandrin C derivative | p. o. or i. v., 2–4 days | LFT, H & E, liquiritigenin and combination showed protection while schisandrin C derivative failed | No | [182] | |
Lupeol | 150 mg/kg, p. o. × 30 days | 1 g/kg | LFT, antioxidants, antiapoptotic, H&E | No | [183] |
Magnolol | 0.01, 0.1, 1 µg/kg 0.5 h after APAP | 500 mg/kg, i. p. × 8 and 24 h | LFT, H&E, antioxidants | No | [107] |
Pterostilbene | 50, 100 mg/kg, p. o. × 15 days before APAP | 800 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, lipid profiles, pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, antiapoptotitic, antifibrotic, comparable to silymarin | No | [127] |
Punicalagin and Punicalin | 1,5,12.5 or 25 mg/kg, i. p. | 500 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E | No | [128] |
Rutin | 20 mg/kg, p. o. × 11 days | 500 mg/kg p. o. from day 1–3 in rats | LFT, H&E, TEM, antioxidants, comparable to silymarin | No | [184] |
Saponarin | 80 mg/kg, p. o. × 7 days | 600 mg/kg, i. p. | LFT, antioxidants, H&E | Yes | [148] |
Silybin | - | - | LFT, GSH and lipid peroxidation | No | [157] |
Syringic acid | 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg p. o. | 750 mg/kg i. p. | LFT, H&E, comparable to silymarin | No | [162] |
Phytochemicals | Dose of Phytochemical | Cells and Dose of APAP | Efficacy and Major Mechanisms | CYP2E1 Inhibition | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrographolide | 0.75–12 mg/kg p. o. × 7 days | Rat hepatocytes | LFT, viability, more potent than silymarin | No | [34] |
Lupeol | 10 μM | Rat hepatocytes, APAP (675 μM) | Maintaining redox and preventing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis | No | [103] |
Paeonol | 20, 40, 80 μM | Mouse hepatocytes H2O2 or APAP | LDH, ROS and pro-inflammatory genes and reduced IKKα/β, IκBα and p65 phosphorylation | No | [122] |
Silibin | 25 μM | Rat hepatocytes, APAP (25–30 mM) | Inhibited APAP toxicity, prevented DNA strand breaks formation | No | [185] |
CalamusinsA-I | 10 μM | HepG2 cells | Weak hepatoprotective activities against APAP | No | [50] |
α-Hederin | 10, 30 µM/kg, s. c. × 3 days | Rat liver microsomes | Dose-dependent suppression of liver cytochrome P450 enzymes | Yes | [186] |
Saponarin | 60-0.006 μg/mL | Rat hepatocytes, APAP (100 μM) | Cell viability, LDH, GSH, MDA | Yes | [148] |
Chlorogenic acid | 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μM/L | L-02 cells | LFT, cell viability | Yes | [54] |
Procyanidins | 10, 25 and 50 μg/L | HepG2 cells | Enhanced phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2/ARE activity | Yes | [126] |
Thymol and carvacrol | 25, 50 and 100 µM | HepG2 cells | Antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, comparable to NAC | No | [168] |
Plant Names | Plant Names | Plant Names | Plant Names | Plant Names |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abelmoschus moschatus | Boswellia ovalifoliolata | Eugenia jambolana | Mucuna capitataRoxb. | Sargassum tenerrimum |
Abutilon indicum | Boswellia serrata | Fagonia olivieri | Mucuna pruriens | Sargassum variegatum |
Acacia auriculiformis | Brassica juncea Linn. | Fermented ginseng | Muntingia calabura | Schisandra chinensis |
Acacia indica | Bridelia micrantha | Fermented red ginseng | Musa paradisiaca | Schoenoplectus grossus |
Acathopanax senticosus | Bryophylum pinnatum | Ficus exasperate | Musanga cecropioides | Scutia myrtina |
Achillea wilhelmsii C. | Bupleurus spp. | Ficus hispida Linn | Mussaenda erythrophylla | Senecio scandens |
Acronychia laurifolia | Caesalpinia bonduc Linn. | Ficus microcarpa Linn. | Myrica rubra Sieb. | Sesamum indicum |
Adansonia digitata Linn. | Caesalpinia gilliesii | Ficus mollis | Nasturtium officinale | Sida acuta Burm. f. |
Adhatoda vasica | Cajanus cajan | Ficus religisoa Linn. | Nauclea latifolia | Silene aprica |
Aegle marmelos | Cajanus indicus | Flos lonicerae | Nigella sativa | Silybum marianum |
Agaricus blazei | Calotropis procera | Foeniculum vulgare | Ocimum gratissimum | Smilax zeylanica Linn. |
Ageratum conyzoides | Camelia sinesis | Fumaria indica | Opuntia robusta | Solanum alatum |
Alcea rosea | Capparis sepiaria L. | Fumaria officinalis | Opuntia streptacantha | Solanum fastigiatum |
Alchornea cordifolia | Caralluma umbellate | Fumaria parviflora | Ornithogalum saundersiae | Solanum indicum |
Allium cepa | Cardiospermum halicacabum | Ganoderma amboinense | Oroxylum indicum | Solanum nigrum |
Allium sativum | Carica papaya | Garcinia indica | Osbeckia octandra | Sophora flavescens |
Alnus japonica | Carissa carandas Linn. | Garcinia kola | Oxalis corniculata | Sphaeranthus indicus |
Aloe barbadensis | Carum copticum | Genista quadriflora | Oxalis strictalinn | Swertia chirata |
Aloe vera | Cassia fistula | Gentiana manshurica | Paederia foetida | Swertia longifolia Boiss |
Alpinia galanga | Cassia occidentalis L | Glossogyne tenuifolia | Paeonia anomala | Swertia punicea |
Alstonia scholaris R. Br. | Ceiba pentandra Linn. | Glycosmis arborea | Pandanus odoratissimus | Swietenia mahagoni L. |
Amaranthus caudatus | Centaurium erythraea | Glycosmis pentaphylla | Parinari curatellifolia | Syzygium aromaticum |
Ambrosia maritima | Chelidonium majus | Gongronema latifolium | Pavonia zeylanica | Taraxacum officinale |
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius | Cichorium endivia | Gossypium herbacium | Penthorum chinese | Taraxacum syriacum |
Andrographis paniculata | Cichorium glandulosum | Gymnaster koraiensis | Pergularia daemia | Telfairia occidentalis |
Anisochilus carnosus | Cinnamomum tamala | Gymnosporia montana | Phyllanthus acidus | Tephrosia purprea |
Annona muricata | Cinnamomum zeylanicum | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Phyllanthus amarus | Terminalia chebula |
Anoectochilus formosanus | Cistus laurifolius Linn. | Gypsophila trichotoma | Phyllanthus emblica | Terminalia paniculata |
Apium graveolens Linn. | Citrullus colocynthis | Haplophylum tuberculatum | Phyllanthus maderaspatensis | Tetracera loureiri |
Apocynum venetum Linn. | Citrus hystrix | Harungana madagascariensis | Phyllanthus niruri Linn. | Teucrium poliumgeyrii |
Aquilegia vulgaris | Citrus maxima | Hedyotis corymbosa | Phyllanthus polyphyllus | Teucrium stocksianum |
Arctium lappa Linn | Citrus microcarpa | Hemodiscus indicus | Phyllanthus urinariae | Thymus vulgaris |
Argania spinosa | Clausena dentata | Hibiscus hispidissimus | Piper methysticum | Tinospora cordifolia |
Artemisia absinthium | Cleome chelidonii | Hibiscus sabdariffa L | Piper puberulum | Tournefortia sarmentosa |
Artemisia capillaris | Clerodendron Inerme | Hippocratea africana | Pisonia aculeate | Trianthema portulacastrum |
Artemisia maritima | Clitoria ternatea Linn. | Hippophae rhamnoides | Pittosporum neilgherrense | Tribulus terrestris Linn. |
Artemisia pallens Walls | Cnidoscolus aconitifolius | Holostemma ada Kodien | Plantago major | Trichopus zeylanicus |
Artemisia sacrorumLedeb. | Coldenia procumbens | Hordeum vulgare Linn. | Platycodon grandiflorum | Trichosanthes dioica |
Artemisia scoparia | Conyza bonariensis | Hypericum perforatum | Pleurotus ostreatus | Trichosanthes lobata |
Artichoke | Copaiba oil | Indigofera tinctoria Linn. | Pluchea arguta | Tridax procumbens Linn |
Asparagus falcatus | Cornus officinalisSieb. | Iris spuria | Plumbago zeylanica | Trifolium alexandrinum |
Asparagus racemosus | Corylus avellana | Ixeris chinensis | Polyalthia longifolia | Ulva reticulata |
Asteracantha longifolia | Costus igneus | Khaya gradifoliola | Polygonum odoratum | Urtica dioica |
Astragalus corniculatus | Crataegus songarica | Khaya senegalensis | Pongamia pinnata | Uvaria afzelli |
Astragalus persicus | Croton zehntneri | Kigelia africana | Porphyra yezoensis | Vernonia amygdalina |
Astragalus tournefortii | Cucurbita pepo | Kohautia grandiflora | Pouteria campechiana | Vigna angularis |
Atropa acuminata | Cuscuta australis | Kombucha tea | Premna tomentosa | Vitellaria paradoxa |
Auricularia polytricha | Cuscuta chinensis | Lawsonia inermis | Prosopis africana | Vitex doniana |
Averrhoa bilimbi | Cyathea gigantea | Leea asiatica | Prosopis farcta | Wedelia calendulacea |
Averrhoa carambola | Cynanchum atratum | Leonotis nepetifolia | Psidium guajava | Wedelia paludosa |
Azadirachta indica | Cynara scolymus | Lepidium sativum Linn. | Pterocarpus osun Craib | Woodfordia fruticosa |
Azolla microphylla | Cyperus scariosus | Lopatherum gracile | Pueraria lobata | Ximenia americana Linn. |
Baccharis dracunculifolia | Cyperus segetum | Lophira lanceolata | Pyropia yezoensis | Xylopia aethiopica |
Baccharis trimera | Dalbergia paniculata | Lycopersicum esculentum | Raphanus sativus | Zea mays Linn. |
Balanites aegyptiaca | Desmodium adscendens | Lycopodium clavatum | Rhazya stricta | Zingiber officinale |
Barleria prionitis Linn. | Dicranopteris linearis | Malva sylvestris Linn. | Rhodiola imbricata | Zingiber zerumbet |
Basella alba | Dioscorea alata Linn. | Mangifera india | Rosa damascena | Zizyphus jujube |
Bauhinia purpurea | Ecballium elaterium | Markhamia platycalyx | Rosa laevigataMichx | Zizyphus spina |
Berberis aristata | Echinophora platyloba | Maytenus emerginata | Rosmarinus officinalis | |
Beta vulgaris | Eclipta alba Hassk. | Melastoma malabathricum | Rubia cordifolia | |
Bidens pilosa Linn. | Embelia ribes | Mesona palustris BL | Salacia oblonga | |
Bixa orellana Linn. | Enantia chlorantha | Momordica charantia | Salvia miltiorrhiza | |
Blumea mollis | Entada africana | Monochoria vaginalis | Santallum album | |
Boehmeria nivea | Epaltes divaricate | Moringa oleifera Lam. | Sargassum binderi | |
Boerhaavia diffusa | Eucalyptus maculata | Moutan cortex | Sargassum polycystum |
S. No. | Polyherbal/Single HerbFormulation |
---|---|
1 | 999 Ganmaoling® |
2 | A formulation of Andrographis paniculata, Tinospora cordifolia and Solanum nigrum |
3 | A polyherbal formulation containing eight herbs; Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha® |
4 | A polyherbal formulation containing a mixture of leaves of Gongronema latifolia, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina |
5 | A polyherbal formulation containing aqueous extracts of Ocinnim larrilifolium, Crassocephaluin vitellitiurn, Guizotia scabra and Vernonia lasiopus |
6 | A polyherbal formulation containing extracts of Butea monosperma, Bauhinia variegata and Ocimum gratissimum |
7 | A polyherbal formulation containing Hydrocotyle asiatica, Tephrosia purpurea, Solanum nigrum, Citrullus colocynthis, Momordica charantia |
8 | A polyherbal formulation HP-4® is a combination of 80% alcoholic extract of leaves of Aloe vera, Bacopa monniera, Moringa oleifera and rhizome of Zingiber officinale |
9 | A polyherbal formulation, HD-03® |
10 | A polyherbal formulations containing five bioactive fractionated extracts of Butea monosperma, Bauhinia variegata and Ocimum gratissimum |
11 | A polyherbal formulation containing extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees., Phyllanthus niruri Linn., Phyllanthus emblica Linn. |
12 | A polyherbal mixture of Tinospora cordifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Phyllanthus amaraus, Euphorbia hirta, Wedelia chinensis |
13 | A polyherbal Siddha formulation, Karisalai Karpam® |
14 | A polyherbal Siddha medicine, Amukkara chooranam® |
15 | Ban-zhi-lian |
16 | Bazhen decoction |
17 | Biherbal formulations of Aerva lanata and Achyranthes aspera |
18 | Chai-Hu-Ching-Kan-Tang® |
19 | D-003® |
20 | DA-9601®, a quality-controlled extract of Artemisia asiatica |
21 | Fengxiang Yigankang® |
22 | Fourteen vitex honeys |
23 | Gn-3®, a stilbene polymer isolated from Gnetum parvifolium |
24 | Habb-e-Asgand®, polyherbal Unani formulation |
25 | Hepax®, a polyherbal formulation |
26 | Himoliv®, a polyherbal formulation |
27 | Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang® |
28 | Hwang-hua-mih-tsay (Wedelia chinensis) |
29 | IH636 grape seed extract |
30 | Karisalai Karpam tablet® |
31 | Kava herbal dietary supplements |
32 | Liu weiwuling Tablets® |
33 | Livartho®, a polyherbal formulations consist of 10 active constituents of medicinal plants viz, Andrographis paniculata, Cichorium intybus, Tephrosia purpurea, Solanum nigrum, Phyllanthus amarus, Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta alba, Berberis aristata, Piper longum and Emblica officinalis |
34 | Livina®, a polyherbal formulation |
35 | Majoon -e-Dabeed-ul-Ward |
36 | MAP, a Standardized Herbal Composition, Blend Comprising Myristica fragrans, Astragalus membranaceus and Poriacocos |
37 | Picroliv® |
38 | Polyherbal ayurvedic formulations, Liv 52®, Livergen®, Livokin®, Octogen®, Stimuliv®, Triphala® and Tefroliv®, Tritone® (Livosone) |
39 | Shekwasha® |
40 | Somanathitamrabhasma®, a tamra bhasma preparation containing shudhatamra, parada, gandhaka, haritala and manashila |
41 | ‘Teng-khia-u’ |
42 | Yang-Gan-Wan |
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Share and Cite
Subramanya, S.B.; Venkataraman, B.; Meeran, M.F.N.; Goyal, S.N.; Patil, C.R.; Ojha, S. Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant Derived Phytochemicals against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123776
Subramanya SB, Venkataraman B, Meeran MFN, Goyal SN, Patil CR, Ojha S. Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant Derived Phytochemicals against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(12):3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123776
Chicago/Turabian StyleSubramanya, Sandeep B., Balaji Venkataraman, Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran, Sameer N. Goyal, Chandragouda R. Patil, and Shreesh Ojha. 2018. "Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant Derived Phytochemicals against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12: 3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123776