Combination Immunotherapy Using Oncolytic Virus for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of OVs’ Anti-Tumor Effects
3. OV Monotherapy
3.1. Melanoma
3.2. OVs against Other Malignant Cancers
4. OV Combination Immunotherapy
4.1. Combination Therapy with OVs and ICIs
4.2. Combination Therapy with OVs and CAR-T Therapy
4.3. Combination Therapy with OVs and BiTEs
5. Current Limitations of OVs for Cancer Treatment
5.1. Choosing Optimal OV Species
5.2. Efficient OV Delivery (Local or Systemic)
5.3. Enhancing Intratumoral OV Infiltration and Diffusion
5.4. Anti-Viral Immunity
5.5. Immunosuppressive TME
6. Conclusions and Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Virus | OV | Genetic Modifications | Cancer Type |
---|---|---|---|
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1, DNA virus) | T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec, Imlygic) | ICP34.5 and ICP47 deletion, GM-CSF insertion | Melanoma [34] |
HF10 (canerpaturev, C-REV) | Loss of expression of UL43, Ul49.5, UL55, UL56, and LAT | Head and neck cancer [35] | |
HSV1716 (Seprehvir) | ICP34.5 deletion | Extracranial cancers [36] | |
G207 | ICP34.5 deletion, ICP6 deletion, and LacZ insertion | Glioblastoma [37] | |
G47∆ | ICP34.5 deletion, ICP6 deletion, ICP47 deletion, and LacZ insertion | Breast cancer [38] | |
OrienX010 | ICP34.5 and ICP47 deletion, GM-CSF insertion | Melanoma [39] | |
Vaccinia viruses (DNA virus) | Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa-Vec) | Thymidine kinase deletion, GM-CSF insertion | Hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma [5] |
Adenoviruses (DNA virus) | H101 (Oncorine) | E1B deletion and E3 partial deletion | Head and neck cancer [39] |
ONYX-015 | E1B-55 KDa gene deletion | Head and neck cancer [40] | |
ONCOS-102 (formerly named CGTG-102) | adeno∆24-RGD-GM-CSF insertion | Mesothelioma [41] Prostate cancer [42] Melanoma [10] Ovarian and colorectal cancer [31] | |
VCN-01 | pRb-dependent; loaded with genes encoding PH20 hyaluronidase | Primitive neuroectodermal tumor [43] | |
LOAd-703 | pRb-dependent; loaded with genes encoding CD40L and 4-1BBL | Pancreatic cancer [44] | |
DNX-2401 | Deletion in 24bp in EIA and RGD-motif was engineered into the fiber H-loop, enabling the virus to use αvβ3 or αvβ5 an integrins to enter cells | Recurrent glioblastoma [45] | |
Reovirus (RNA virus) | Pelareorep (Reolysin) | Natural virus | Pancreatic cancer [46] |
Paramyxoviridae (RNA virus) | Measles virus | hNIS insertion for MV-NIS and CEA insertion for MV-CEA | Multiple myeloma [47] |
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) | Natural virus | Cervical cancer [48] | |
Parvovirus (RNA virus) | Parvovirus H-1 (ParvOryx) | Natural virus | Neuroblastoma [49] |
Picornaviruses (RNA virus) | CVA21 (Cavatak) | Natural virus | Melanoma, breast cancer [50] |
PVSRIPO | CD155/Necl5-dependent poliovirus; the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the poliovirus replaced with the IRES from human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) | Glioblastoma [51] |
Type of Virus | OV | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor | Phase | Cancer Type | Route of OV Administration | NCT Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HSV-1 | Talimogene laherparepvec, Imlygic (T-VEC) | Ipilimumab | I/II | Melanoma | IT | NCT01740297 |
Pembrolizumab | III | Melanoma | IT | NCT02263508 | ||
Pembrolizumab | I | Head and neck cancer | IT | NCT02626000 | ||
Nivolumab | II | Lymphoma and non-melanoma skin cancers | IT | NCT02978625 | ||
HF10 (canerpaturev, C-REV) | Ipilimumab | II | Melanoma | IT | NCT02272855 | |
Ipilimumab | II | Melanoma | IT | NCT03153085 | ||
Vaccinia virus | Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa-Vec) | Ipilimumab | I | Advanced solid tumors | IT | NCT02977156 |
Durvalumab/tremelimumab | I | Colorectal cancer | IV | NCT03206073 | ||
Nivolumab | I/II | Hepatocellular carcinoma | IT | NCT03071094 | ||
Cemiplimab | I | Renal cell carcinoma | IV, IT | NCT03294083 | ||
Adenovirus | ONCOS-102 | Pembrolizumab | I | Advanced or unresectable melanoma | IT | NCT03003676 |
Durvalumab | I/II | Advanced peritoneal cancers | IP | NCT02963831 | ||
LOAd703 | Atezolizumab | I/IIa | Pancreatic cancer | IT | NCT02705196 | |
p53 transduced adenovirus (Ad-p53) | Pembrolizumab | I/II | Head and neck cancer | IA | NCT02842125 | |
Nivolumab | II | Head and neck cancer | IT | NCT03544723 | ||
Adenovirus vaccine expressing MAGE-A3 (Ad-MAGEA3) | Pembrolizumab | I/II | Non-small cell lung cancer | IM | NCT02879760 | |
Pembrolizumab | I | Metastatic melanoma and Squamous cell skin carcinoma | IM | NCT03773744 | ||
Coxsackie virus | CVA21 (Cavatak) | Pembrolizumab | I | Melanoma | IT | NCT02565992 |
Pembrolizumab | I | Non-small cell lung cancer and bladder cancer | IV | NCT02043665 | ||
Ipilimumab | I | Melanoma | IV | NCT03408587 | ||
Reovirus | Pelareorep (Reolysin) | Pembrolizumab | I | Advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma | IV | NCT02620423 |
Nivolumab | I | Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma | IV | NCT03605719 | ||
VSV | VSV-hIFNbeta-sodium iodide | Avelumab | I | Malignant solid tumor | IT | NCT02923466 |
VSV-IFNβ-NIS | Pembrolizumab | I | Non-small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma | IV | NCT03647163 |
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Oh, C.-M.; Chon, H.J.; Kim, C. Combination Immunotherapy Using Oncolytic Virus for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207743
Oh C-M, Chon HJ, Kim C. Combination Immunotherapy Using Oncolytic Virus for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(20):7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207743
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Chang-Myung, Hong Jae Chon, and Chan Kim. 2020. "Combination Immunotherapy Using Oncolytic Virus for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20: 7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207743