Designing Single-Molecule Magnets as Drugs with Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diabetic Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Description of the Structures
2.1.1. Structural Description of [Co(bum)2(H2O)2](H2O)2 (1)
2.1.2. Structural Description of [Co(ind)2(EtOH)2] (3)
2.2. Magnetic Properties
2.3. Anti-Diabetic Properties
2.4. Raw 264.7 Cell Viability
2.5. Nitric Oxide Production
2.6. Cell Cycle Arrest and Distribution
2.7. Stoichiometric Mixtures
2.8. Stability of Compounds in Solution
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Physical Measurements
3.2. Synthesis of [Co(bum)2(H2O)2](H2O)2 (1)
3.3. Synthesis of [Co(ind)2(EtOH)2] (3)
3.4. Crystallographic Refinement and Structure Solution
3.5. Experiments in the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans
3.6. Drugs
3.7. Cell Culture
3.8. Cell Viability Assay
3.9. Determination of Nitrite Concentration
3.10. Cell Cycle Analysis
3.11. Statistics
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NO | Nitric oxide |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinases |
JAK | Janus-activated kinases |
PI3K/AKT | Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase |
STAT | Signal transducer activator of transcription |
NF-kB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
AP-1 | Activation proteins 1 |
HIF-1 | Hypoxia inducible factor 1-α |
iNOS | Nitric oxide synthase inducible |
COX-2 | Cyclooxyenase-2 |
LPS | Bacterial lipopolysaccharide |
TNFα | Tumor necrosis factor α |
INF- γ | Interferon-γ |
NSAID | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
COX | Cyclooxygenase enzyme |
CCDC | Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre |
QTM | Quantum tunneling of the magnetization |
ZFS | Zero-field splitting |
SIM | Single ion magnet |
DPPH | 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl |
IC50 | Total concentration to obtain a 50% growth inhibition |
EC50 | Dosages that give around 50% of the maximum possible drug effect |
IP | Propidium iodide |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
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Compound | IC20 | IC50 | IC80 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 54.04 ± 6.31 | 72.10 ± 6.63 | 103.63 ± 10.4 |
2 | 55.83 ± 6.98 | 71.74 ± 9.64 | 97.16 ± 0.43 |
3 | 54.54 ± 3.61 | 65.27 ± 1.41 | 78.49 ± 3.82 |
4 | 58.37 ± 6.09 | 72.55 ± 4.12 | 93.48 ± 3.04 |
Mixture | 17.5 μg/mL | 35.0 μg/mL | 52.5 μg/mL |
---|---|---|---|
Co+Bu | 116.39 ± 13.01 | 114.75 ± 3.28 | 145.90 ± 13.01 |
Co+Ind | 104.10 ± 6.19 | 91.80 ± 10.62 | 104.10 ± 8.40 |
Co | 175.41 ± 6.35 | 175.41 ± 8.52 | 217.21 ± 10.91 |
Compound | 1 | 3 |
---|---|---|
Chem. form. | C34H46N4O14S2Co | C42H42Cl2N2O10Co |
Form. weight | 857.80 | 864.60 |
Cryst. system | Monoclinic | Monoclinic |
Space group | P2/c | C2/c |
a (Å) | 20.470(3) | 30.137(4) |
b (Å) | 5.267(2) | 5.388(2) |
c (Å) | 18.294(3) | 23.908(3) |
α (°) | 90 | 90 |
β (°) | 96.252(3) | 91.339(4) |
γ (°) | 90 | 90 |
V (Å3) | 1960.8(9) | 3881.0(17) |
Z | 2 | 4 |
GOF a | 1.077 | 1.034 |
Rint | 0.1130 | 0.1023 |
R1 b / wR2 c [I > 2σ(I)] | 0.0616 / 0.1269 | 0.0390 / 0.0662 |
R1 b / wR2 c (all data) | 0.0971 / 0.1420 | 0.0662 / 0.0740 |
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Navas, A.; Jannus, F.; Fernández, B.; Cepeda, J.; Medina O’Donnell, M.; Díaz-Ruiz, L.; Sánchez-González, C.; Llopis, J.; Seco, J.M.; Rufino-Palomares, E.; et al. Designing Single-Molecule Magnets as Drugs with Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diabetic Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093146
Navas A, Jannus F, Fernández B, Cepeda J, Medina O’Donnell M, Díaz-Ruiz L, Sánchez-González C, Llopis J, Seco JM, Rufino-Palomares E, et al. Designing Single-Molecule Magnets as Drugs with Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diabetic Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(9):3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093146
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavas, Arturo, Fatin Jannus, Belén Fernández, Javier Cepeda, Marta Medina O’Donnell, Luis Díaz-Ruiz, Cristina Sánchez-González, Juan Llopis, José M. Seco, E. Rufino-Palomares, and et al. 2020. "Designing Single-Molecule Magnets as Drugs with Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diabetic Effects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9: 3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093146