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10.3390/ijms222011128
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Review

The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by
Sylwia Ziolkowska
1,*,
Agata Binienda
2,
Maciej Jabłkowski
3,
Janusz Szemraj
1 and
Piotr Czarny
1
1
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
3
Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(20), 11128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011128
Submission received: 14 September 2021 / Revised: 11 October 2021 / Accepted: 12 October 2021 / Published: 15 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity, Genes, and Obesity-Related Disorders)
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Abstract

One of the most common chronic liver disorders, affecting mainly people in Western countries, is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Unfortunately, its pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood, and no dedicated treatment is available. Simple steatosis can lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and even to fibrosis, cancer, and cirrhosis of the liver. NAFLD very often occurs in parallel with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in obese people. Furthermore, it is much more likely to develop in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS), whose criteria include abdominal obesity, elevated blood triacylglycerol level, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, increased blood pressure, and high fasting glucose. An important phenomenon in MS is also insulin resistance (IR), which is very common in NAFLD. Liver IR and NAFLD development are linked through an interaction between the accumulation of free fatty acids, hepatic inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. The liver is particularly exposed to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species due to a large number of mitochondria in hepatocytes. In these organelles, the main DNA repair pathway is base excision repair (BER). The present article will illustrate how impairment of BER may be related to the development of NAFLD.
Keywords: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; insulin resistance; inflammation; DNA repair; oxidative stress; base excision repair; metabolic syndrome nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; insulin resistance; inflammation; DNA repair; oxidative stress; base excision repair; metabolic syndrome
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ziolkowska, S.; Binienda, A.; Jabłkowski, M.; Szemraj, J.; Czarny, P. The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011128

AMA Style

Ziolkowska S, Binienda A, Jabłkowski M, Szemraj J, Czarny P. The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):11128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011128

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ziolkowska, Sylwia, Agata Binienda, Maciej Jabłkowski, Janusz Szemraj, and Piotr Czarny. 2021. "The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20: 11128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011128

APA Style

Ziolkowska, S., Binienda, A., Jabłkowski, M., Szemraj, J., & Czarny, P. (2021). The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(20), 11128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011128

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