Effects of Various Muscle Disuse States and Countermeasures on Muscle Molecular Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Models of Decreased Activity of Skeletal Muscles and Their Functional Consequences
3. Molecular Signaling Alterations in Skeletal Muscles under Disuse Conditions
3.1. Effect of Reduced Motor Activity on Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle
3.2. Effect of Reduced Motor Activity on Protein Degradation in Skeletal Muscle
3.3. Effect of Reduced Activity on Changes in Muscle Fiber Types
3.4. Effect of Reduced Muscle Activity on Muscle Oxidative Capacity
4. Countermeasures to Changes Caused by Reduced Motor Activity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
4E-BP1 | eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein |
AKT | protein kinase B |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
cGMP | cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
c-Myc | c-myelocytomatosis oncogene (transcription factor) |
CSA | cross-sectional area |
eIF2B | eukaryotic initiation factor 2B |
FoxO | forkhead box O protein |
GS1 | glycogen synthase-1 |
GSK-3β | glycogen synthase kinase-3β |
HDT BR | head down tilt bed rest |
HS | hindlimb suspension |
HU | hindlimb unloading |
IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor 1 |
L-NAME | N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester |
MAFbx | muscle atrophy F-box protein/atrogin 1 |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MCIP 1.4 | modulatory calcineurin-interaction protein 1.4 |
MEF-2 | myocyte enhancer factor 2 |
mir-208 | micro-RNA 208 |
mTORC1 | mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 |
MuRF1 | muscle RING finger protein |
MyHC | myosin heavy chain |
NFAT | nuclear factor of activated T-cells |
NO | nitric oxide |
NRF | nuclear respiratory factor |
p70S6K | ribosomal protein S6 kinase p70 |
PGC-1α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
PI3K | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
PKA | protein kinase A |
PKB | protein kinase B (AKT) |
PKC | protein kinase C |
PKD1 | protein kinase D1 |
PKG | protein kinase G |
PMS | plantar mechanical stimulation |
PuRA | purine Rich Element Binding Protein A |
PuRB | purine Rich Element Binding Protein B |
rRNA | ribosomal RNA |
SOX-6 | transcription factor |
TFAM | mitochondrial transcription factor A |
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Slow-Type Fibers | Fast-Type Fibers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Inactivation of Muscles of Systemic Genesis | CSA Decrease | Force Decrease | CSA Decrease | Force Decrease |
A. With limitation or elimination of anti-gravity component | ||||
a. With complete or almost complete elimination of anti-gravity component | ||||
- Space flight/Kepler parabola flight | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
- Immersion | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
- Unloading of all limbs or only hindlimbs of rats | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
- Spinal transection or spinal isolation | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
- Systemic muscle inactivation with artificial life support (“intensive care unit” model) | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
b. With partial elimination or limitation of anti-gravity component | ||||
- Unilateral lower limb suspension | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
- Bed rest | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
B. Without limitation or elimination of anti-gravity component | ||||
- Restriction of locomotor activity | - | - | ++ | ++ |
Inactivation of muscles of local genesis | ||||
- Immobilization of joint with cast | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
- Denervation | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
- Tenotomy | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
- Inactivation of diaphragm by forced ventilation | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
Countermeasure | Sensory Structures |
---|---|
Exercise | whole body |
Plantar stimulation | plantar mechanoreceptors |
Neuromuscular electrostimulation | motor nerve voltage-operated channels |
Muscular electrostimulation | muscle voltage-operated channels |
Axial load | mechanosensitive structures of muscles, tendons and bones |
Centrifuge | mechanosensitive structures of muscles, tendons and bones; vestibular system |
Vibration stimulation | mechanosensitive structures of muscles, tendons and bones |
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Sharlo, K.; Tyganov, S.A.; Tomilovskaya, E.; Popov, D.V.; Saveko, A.A.; Shenkman, B.S. Effects of Various Muscle Disuse States and Countermeasures on Muscle Molecular Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010468
Sharlo K, Tyganov SA, Tomilovskaya E, Popov DV, Saveko AA, Shenkman BS. Effects of Various Muscle Disuse States and Countermeasures on Muscle Molecular Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(1):468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010468
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharlo, Kristina, Sergey A. Tyganov, Elena Tomilovskaya, Daniil V. Popov, Alina A. Saveko, and Boris S. Shenkman. 2022. "Effects of Various Muscle Disuse States and Countermeasures on Muscle Molecular Signaling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1: 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010468