Protective Effect of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid against Aggravation of Renal Injury Caused by High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of GABA on Body Weight Loss and Renal Hypertrophy Caused by High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity
2.2. Effect of GABA on Changes of Hematological and Biochemical Profiles following High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity
2.3. Effect of GABA on Renal Histologic Changes following High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity
2.4. Effect of GABA Salt on Renal Cell Death in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity
2.5. Effect of GABA Salt on Renal Inflammation in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of GABA Salt, Lacto GABA Salt, and Postbiotics GABA Salt
4.2. Animals and Experimental Procedure
4.3. Hematological and Biochemical Analysis
4.4. Histopathological Analysis
4.5. Immunohistochemical Examination
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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+Cisplatin | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Vehicle | Salt | GS | LGS | PGS | |
RBC (106/μL) | 10.14 ± 0.37 NS | 10.55 ± 0.56 | 10.71 ± 0.51 | 10.67 ± 0.39 | 10.86 ± 0.26 | 10.81 ± 0.56 |
WBC (103/μL) | 2.43 ± 0.69 a | 1.27 ± 0.31 b | 1.28 ± 0.32 b | 1.62 ± 0.23 b | 1.35 ± 0.12 b | 1.30 ± 0.33 b |
Hematocrit (%) | 57.30 ± 2.51 NS | 57.15 ± 2.74 | 59.45 ± 2.33 | 58.77 ± 1.85 | 60.22 ± 2.05 | 60.62 ± 3.12 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 16.10 ± 0.71 NS | 16.43 ± 0.87 | 16.75 ± 0.87 | 16.78 ± 0.50 | 16.96 ± 0.67 | 17.07 ± 0.62 |
MCV (fL) | 56.57 ± 0.99 NS | 55.23 ± 1.17 | 55.08 ± 0.53 | 55.91 ± 1.20 | 55.07 ± 0.86 | 56.16 ± 0.42 |
MCH (pg) | 16.13 ± 0.40 NS | 15.87 ± 0.28 | 15.68 ± 0.10 | 15.71 ± 0.23 | 15.67 ± 0.28 | 15.70 ± 0.42 |
MCHC (g/dL) | 28.09 ± 0.64 NS | 28.73 ± 0.27 | 28.51 ± 0.50 | 28.33 ± 0.63 | 28.30 ± 0.86 | 27.74 ± 0.84 |
Platelet (103/μL) | 922.75 ± 121.44 a | 599.83 ± 128.30 bc | 450.43 ± 132.07 c | 652.83 ± 104.90 b | 601.67 ± 82.69 bc | 596.00 ± 124.38 bc |
AST (U/L) | 101.90 ± 15.30 NS | 93.55 ± 16.89 | 90.84 ± 20.84 | 96.01 ± 17.40 | 95.70 ± 31.31 | 103.96 ± 19.24 |
ALT (U/L) | 19.55 ± 2.20 NS | 24.68 ± 3.17 | 22.15 ± 2.40 | 19.03 ± 6.89 | 20.47 ± 5.79 | 22.33 ± 6.03 |
ALP (U/L) | 265.72 ± 37.43 NS | 236.38 ± 13.16 | 244.94 ± 26.36 | 223.56 ± 68.77 | 224.13 ± 52.65 | 223.08 ± 30.54 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 14.31 ± 0.54 c | 18.74 ± 1.45 a | 20.46 ± 2.83 a | 16.15 ± 1.53 b | 18.86 ± 1.65 a | 19.21 ± 1.93 a |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.40 ± 0.06 d | 0.60 ± 0.06 bc | 0.69 ± 0.05 a | 0.56 ± 0.02 c | 0.62 ± 0.03 b | 0.66 ± 0.03 ab |
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Lee, H.; Ji, S.Y.; Hwangbo, H.; Kim, M.Y.; Kim, D.H.; Park, B.S.; Park, J.-H.; Lee, B.-J.; Kim, G.-Y.; Jeon, Y.-J.; et al. Protective Effect of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid against Aggravation of Renal Injury Caused by High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010502
Lee H, Ji SY, Hwangbo H, Kim MY, Kim DH, Park BS, Park J-H, Lee B-J, Kim G-Y, Jeon Y-J, et al. Protective Effect of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid against Aggravation of Renal Injury Caused by High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(1):502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010502
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hyesook, Seon Yeong Ji, Hyun Hwangbo, Min Yeong Kim, Da Hye Kim, Beom Su Park, Joung-Hyun Park, Bae-Jin Lee, Gi-Young Kim, You-Jin Jeon, and et al. 2022. "Protective Effect of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid against Aggravation of Renal Injury Caused by High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1: 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010502