Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 Peptidoglycan Modulates the Inflammation-Coagulation Response Triggered by Poly(I:C) in the Respiratory Tract
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Nasally Administered PG-Lr1505 Reduces Lung Injuries in Poly(I:C)-Challenged Mice
2.2. Nasally Administered PG-Lr1505 Beneficially Modulates Inflammatory Response in Poly(I:C)-Challenged Mice
2.3. Nasally Administered PG-Lr1505 Regulates Hemostatic Parameters in Poly(I:C)-Challenged Mice
2.4. PG-Lr1505 Modulates Macrophage Response to Poly(I:C) In Vitro
2.5. The Production of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in Poly(I:C)-Challenged Macrophages Is Regulated by PG-Lr1505
2.6. PG-Lr1505 Modulates Hemostatic Parameters in Poly(I:C)-Stimulated Macrophages
2.7. Poly(I:C)-Stimulated Macrophages Induce Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) Activation Modulated by PG-Lr1505
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Microorganism and Peptidoglycan
4.2. Experimental Murine Model
4.3. Lung Histology
4.4. Cytokine Concentrations in BAL
4.5. Total and Differential Leukocyte Counts in Blood and BAL
4.6. Activation of Blood Neutrophils
4.7. Lung Cell Preparation
4.8. Flow Cytometry Studies
4.9. Quantitative Expression Analysis by Real-Time PCR
4.10. Coagulation Tests
4.11. Platelet Counts
4.12. Determination of vWF in Plasma
4.13. Raw 264.7 Cells and Treatment with PG-Lr1505
4.14. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TF | tissue factor |
dsRNA | double-stranded RNA |
poly(I:C) | polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid |
NETs | neutrophil extracellular traps |
TLR | toll-like receptor |
PG-Lr1505 | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 peptidoglycan |
H-E | hematoxilin-eosin |
LDH | lactate dehydrogenase |
BAL | broncho-alveolar lavage |
IFN | interferon |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
IL | interleukin |
MPO | myeloperoxidase |
vWF | von Willebrand factor |
APTT | activated partial thromboplastin time |
TFPI | tissue factor pathway inhibitor |
TM | thrombomodulin |
TFPI | tissue factor pathway inhibitor |
PAI-1 | plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 |
PAR1 | protease activated receptor 1 |
MRS | Man–Rogosa–Sharpe broth |
PBS | phosphate buffer saline |
ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
FBS | fetal bovine serum |
PT | prothrombin time |
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Zelaya, H.; Arellano-Arriagada, L.; Fukuyama, K.; Matsumoto, K.; Marranzino, G.; Namai, F.; Salva, S.; Alvarez, S.; Agüero, G.; Kitazawa, H.; et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 Peptidoglycan Modulates the Inflammation-Coagulation Response Triggered by Poly(I:C) in the Respiratory Tract. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316907
Zelaya H, Arellano-Arriagada L, Fukuyama K, Matsumoto K, Marranzino G, Namai F, Salva S, Alvarez S, Agüero G, Kitazawa H, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 Peptidoglycan Modulates the Inflammation-Coagulation Response Triggered by Poly(I:C) in the Respiratory Tract. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(23):16907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316907
Chicago/Turabian StyleZelaya, Hortensia, Luciano Arellano-Arriagada, Kohtaro Fukuyama, Kaho Matsumoto, Gabriela Marranzino, Fu Namai, Susana Salva, Susana Alvarez, Graciela Agüero, Haruki Kitazawa, and et al. 2023. "Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 Peptidoglycan Modulates the Inflammation-Coagulation Response Triggered by Poly(I:C) in the Respiratory Tract" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 23: 16907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316907