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Review

The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract

Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137395
Submission received: 5 June 2024 / Revised: 28 June 2024 / Accepted: 29 June 2024 / Published: 5 July 2024

Abstract

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among the most common chronic respiratory diseases. Chronic inflammation of the airways leads to an increased production of inflammatory markers by the effector cells of the respiratory tract and lung tissue. These biomarkers allow the assessment of physiological and pathological processes and responses to therapeutic interventions. Lung cancer, which is characterized by high mortality, is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Current screening methods and tissue biopsies have limitations that highlight the need for rapid diagnosis, patient differentiation, and effective management and monitoring. One promising non-invasive diagnostic method for respiratory diseases is the assessment of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC contains a mixture of volatile and non-volatile biomarkers such as cytokines, leukotrienes, oxidative stress markers, and molecular biomarkers, providing significant information about inflammatory and neoplastic states in the lungs. This article summarizes the research on the application and development of EBC assessment in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases, focusing on asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. The process of collecting condensate, potential issues, and selected groups of markers for detailed disease assessment in the future are discussed. Further research may contribute to the development of more precise and personalized diagnostic and treatment methods.
Keywords: exhaled breath condensate (EBC); asthma; COPD; lung cancer; NSCLC exhaled breath condensate (EBC); asthma; COPD; lung cancer; NSCLC

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kita, K.; Gawinowska, M.; Chełmińska, M.; Niedoszytko, M. The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 7395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137395

AMA Style

Kita K, Gawinowska M, Chełmińska M, Niedoszytko M. The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(13):7395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137395

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kita, Karolina, Marika Gawinowska, Marta Chełmińska, and Marek Niedoszytko. 2024. "The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 13: 7395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137395

APA Style

Kita, K., Gawinowska, M., Chełmińska, M., & Niedoszytko, M. (2024). The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(13), 7395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137395

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