Fungicide-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Fungal Diseases in Agriculture: An Assessment of Botrytis cinerea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Liposome Preparation and Characterization
2.2. Liposome Stability
2.3. Release Behaviors of FLUD-Loaded Liposomes
2.4. Antifungal Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Liposome Preparation
3.3. Liposome Characterization
3.4. Liposome Stability
3.5. Fludioxonil Release Experiment
3.6. Biological Assays
3.6.1. Media
3.6.2. Fungal Inhibition Assays
3.6.3. Statistics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Micelle-To-Vesicle Transition Method | Extrusion Method | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DLC | EE | Size | Z Potential | DLC | EE | Size | Z Potential | |
% | % | nm | mV | % | % | nm | mV | |
Plain | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 98 ± 5 | 36.4 ± 0.1 | −8.7 ± 1.1 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 98 ± 5 | 119.6 ± 0.6 | −5.5 ± 1.1 |
PEGylated | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 78 ± 3 | 31.4 ± 0.2 | −6.5 ± 1.0 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 100 ± 5 | 129 ± 1 | −3.5 ± 1.0 |
Cationic | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 96 ± 5 | 56.7 ± 0.4 | +18.2 ± 1.7 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 90 ± 4 | 127 ± 1 | +36 ± 2 |
Formulation (µg·mL−1) | Effectiveness on Conidial Germination | Effectiveness on Germ Tube Elongation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1 | |
Method 1 | ||||||||||
Plain MVT | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 1.7 ± 0.3 *** | 15.3 ± 1.8 *** | 61.3 ± 3.6 *** | 20.7 ± 1.6 *** | 28.9 ± 0.5 *** | 37.4 ± 2.0 *** | 67.4 ± 0.2 *** | 82.4 ± 0.5 *** |
Pegylated MVT | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 1 ± 0.5 *** | 40 ± 0.8 *** | 80.7 ± 1.9 *** | 15.2 ± 0.2 *** | 20.9 ± 0.6 *** | 41.8 ± 2.1 *** | 80.9 ± 0.5 *** | 91.1 ± 0.0 *** |
Cationic MVT | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.3 ± 0.3 *** | 27 ± 1.2 *** | 76 ± 0.5 *** | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 16.9 ± 2.4 *** | 36.2 ± 0.7 *** | 79.8 ± 0.5 *** | 90.2 ± 0.0 *** |
Plain extruded | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 6.7 ± 0.3 *** | 53.3 ± 1.4 *** | 1.9 ± 2.7 | 14.6 ± 1.6 *** | 28.9 ± 1.8 *** | 66.9 ± 0.9 *** | 90.5 ± 0.0 *** |
Pegylated extruded | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 22.7 ± 1.8 *** | 59.7 ± 0.3 *** | 7.7 ± 1.4 | 25.1 ± 2.2 *** | 50.1 ± 2.7 *** | 76.9 ± 1.1 *** | 91.4 ± 0.0 *** |
Cationic extruded | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 92.3 ± 1.2 | −0.7 ± 2.5 | 10.2 ± 0.7 *** | 33.4 ± 2.4 *** | 50.2 ± 1.2 *** | 90.2 ± 0.0 *** |
FLUD | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | −2.4 ± 1.5 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 |
Method 2 | ||||||||||
Plain MVT | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 41 ± 3.1 *** | 2.2 ± 4.8 *** | 7.7 ± 1.9 *** | 43.3 ± 1.5 *** | 62.2 ± 1.9 *** | 92.5 ± 0.0 *** |
Pegylated MVT | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 63.7 ± 3.1 *** | 2.1 ± 1.7 *** | 12.9 ± 0.8 *** | 49.2 ± 0.5 *** | 77.8 ± 0.8 *** | 93.2 ± 0.0 *** |
Cationic MVT | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 90 ± 0.0 | −0.5 ± 2.3 *** | 9.6 ± 1.9 *** | 32.1 ± 1.9 *** | 72.5 ± 1.2 *** | 92.9 ± 0.0 *** |
Plain extruded | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 62.3 ± 3.3 *** | 3.1 ± 0.8 *** | 4.6 ± 1.6 *** | 49.3 ± 1.3 *** | 72.4 ± 0.9 *** | 93.8 ± 0.0 *** |
Pegylated extruded | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 90 ± 0.0 | 4.2 ± 3.2 ** | 24.9 ± 3.0 *** | 31.4 ± 3.9 *** | 81.5 ± 0.4 *** | 91.2 ± 0.0 *** |
Cationic extruded | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** | 100 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 2.8 *** | 9.6 ± 0.7 *** | 48.4 ± 2.9 *** | 79.4 ± 0.7 *** | 100 ± 0.0 |
FLUD | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 29.8 ± 0.7 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 |
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Agnusdei, A.; Maurelli, A.M.; Gerin, D.; Monopoli, D.; Pollastro, S.; Catucci, L.; Faretra, F.; De Leo, V. Fungicide-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Fungal Diseases in Agriculture: An Assessment of Botrytis cinerea. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158359
Agnusdei A, Maurelli AM, Gerin D, Monopoli D, Pollastro S, Catucci L, Faretra F, De Leo V. Fungicide-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Fungal Diseases in Agriculture: An Assessment of Botrytis cinerea. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158359
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnusdei, Angelo, Anna Maria Maurelli, Donato Gerin, Donato Monopoli, Stefania Pollastro, Lucia Catucci, Francesco Faretra, and Vincenzo De Leo. 2024. "Fungicide-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Fungal Diseases in Agriculture: An Assessment of Botrytis cinerea" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158359