Use of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Stem Bark Extracts to Prevent High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Disorders in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Identified Compounds
2.2. Experimental Protocol
2.2.1. Acute Toxicity Test
2.2.2. Control of Body Weight and Food Intake
2.2.3. Assessment of Body Fat
2.3. Glycemic Profile: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, Insulin Sensitivity, and Fasting Blood Glucose
2.4. Serum Analyses
2.5. Hormonal and Inflammatory Profile
2.6. Histology of the Liver and Pancreas
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Obtaining Raw Materials
4.2. Preparation of the Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract of the Stem Bark of G. ulmifolia
4.3. Phytochemical Analysis of the G. ulmifolia Stem Bark Extracts
4.3.1. Quantification of Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Tannins
4.3.2. Antioxidant Potential
4.3.3. Identification of Compounds
4.4. Experimental Protocol
4.4.1. Acute Toxicity Test
4.4.2. Experimental Design
4.4.3. Diet Composition
4.4.4. Control of Body Weight and Food Intake
- FEC: food efficiency coefficient;
- PF: final body weight in grams;
- PI: initial body weight in grams;
- TA: total amount of feed consumed in grams.
- CGPCC: coefficient of weight gain per caloric intake;
- PF: final body weight in grams;
- PI: initial body weight in grams;
- Kcal: caloric value of the diet consumed.
4.4.5. Assessment of Body Fat
4.5. Oral Glucose TOLERANCE and Insulin Sensitivity Test
4.6. Serum Biochemical Analyses
4.7. Hormonal and Inflammatory Profile
4.8. Histology of Epididymal Adipose Tissue, Liver, and Pancreas
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classes | Aqueous Extract | Ethanolic Extract |
---|---|---|
Phenolic compounds | ++ | ++ |
Flavonoids | ++ | ++ |
Tannins | +++ | +++ |
Naphthoquinone | − | − |
Coumarins | + | + |
Triterpenes and steroids | + | + |
Cyanogenic heterosides | + | + |
Cardioactive heterosides | + | + |
Reducing sugars | + | − |
Saponins | + | + |
Alkaloids | − | − |
TCF [mg g−1] | 11.1 | 13.8 |
TF [mg g−1] | 3.1 | 3.3 |
TT [mg g−1] | 72.6 | 65.2 |
DPPH [µg mL−1] | 37.3 | 45.2 |
Compounds | Correlation Coefficient (r2) | LOD (pg/Injection) | LOQ (pg/Injection) | AEB (% m:m) | EEB (% m:m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallocatechin | 0.9994 | 0.15 | 0.50 | 5.84 ± 0.17 | 4.27 ± 0.12 |
Epigallocatechin | 0.9996 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 5.33 ± 0.11 | 4.54 ± 0.0 6 |
Catechin | 0.9994 | 0.15 | 0.50 | 3.73 ± 0.11 | 2.87 ± 0.11 |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 0.9992 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 5.99 ± 0.22 | 5.14 ± 0.11 |
Epicatechin | 0.9992 | 0.15 | 0.50 | 3.29 ± 0.09 | 2.45 ± 0.07 |
Gallocatechin gallate | 0.9996 | 0.17 | 0.44 | 4. 31 ± 0.11 | 3. 38 ± 0.13 |
Caffeine | 0.9994 | 0.12 | 0.40 | 4.15 ± 0.07 | 3.37 ± 0.05 |
Epicatechin gallate | 0.9992 | 0.18 | 0.60 | 2.98 ± 0.06 | 1.88 ± 0.05 |
Catechin gallate | 0.9990 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 3.05 ± 0.05 | 1.95 ± 0.08 |
Parameters | Experimental Groups | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DN | DC | DH | EE25 | EE50 | EA25 | EA50 | |
Starting weight (g) | 24.67 ± 1.50 | 24.75 ± 1.14 | 24.42 ± 1.56 | 24.75 ± 1.82 | 24.17 ± 2.44 | 24.00 ± 1.60 | 24.25 ± 1.54 |
Final weight (g) | 29.00 ± 2.00 | 28.33 ± 0.78 | 30.25 ± 3.05 | 29.33 ± 3.23 | 31.00 ± 3.13 | 29.58 ± 3.78 | 29.08 ± 5.28 |
Total weight gain (g) ** | 4.33 ± 2.06 | 3.58 ± 1.17 | 5.83 ± 2.33 | 4.58 ± 1.98 | 6.83 ± 3.01 b | 5.58 ± 3.00 | 4.83 ± 4.09 |
Total food intake (g) * | 50.77 ± 4.19 | 64.52 ± 3.50 | 43.69 ± 2.00 | 37.63 ± 2.08 a,b,c | 38.39 ± 3.16 a,b | 38.57 ± 3.62 a,b | 37.25 ± 3.46 a,b,c |
Total caloric intake (kcal) * | 192.92 ± 15.91 b | 281.31 ± 15.26 | 231.57 ± 10.62 a | 199.45 ± 11.03 b,c | 203.49 ± 16.73 b | 204.42 ± 19.17 b | 197.42 ± 18.36 b,c |
CEA * | 0.093 ± 0.031 | 0.056 ± 0.019 | 0.134 ± 0.053 b | 0.121 ± 0.049 | 0.180 ± 0.086 a,b | 0.142 ± 0.070 b | 0.124 ± 0.097 |
CGPCC * | 0.027 ± 0.006 b | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.025 ± 0.010 | 0.024 ± 0.008 | 0.034 ± 0.016 b | 0.034 ± 0.011 b | 0.028 ± 0.014 b |
Groups | Adipose Tissue (mg) | % Adiposity * | Adipocyte Area * (µm2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epididymal * | Perirenal * | Retroperitoneal * | Mesenteric | Omental | |||
DN | 348.70 ± 120.84 | 52.52 ± 22.91 | 92.50 ± 39.81 | 199.89 ± 55.74 | 31.69 ± 13.68 | 2.50 ± 0.66 | 2,286,227.97 ± 515,840.80 |
DC | 222.59 ± 84.00 | 37.98 ± 24.69 | 44.02 ± 20.27 | 172.60 ± 59.10 | 40.08 ± 10.64 | 1.82 ± 0.54 | 1,881,104.03 ± 296,416.70 |
DH | 699.05 ± 289.18 b | 122.08 ± 67.05 b | 284.06 ± 119.99 b | 241.34 ± 80.51 | 45.44 ± 14.62 | 4.53 ± 1.24 b | 3,969,639.00 ± 1,308,460.12 a,b |
EE25 | 814.51 ± 399.18 a,b | 121.37 ± 67.05 b | 305.86 ± 167.83 a,b | 245.97 ± 113.87 | 41.99 ± 9.25 | 5.04 ± 1.89 a,b | 3,271,761.53 ± 1,178,744.39 b |
EE50 | 864.77 ± 406.58 a,b | 109.46 ± 60.49 b | 363.60 ± 186.45 a,b | 266.17 ± 103.60 | 43.57 ± 11.44 | 5.18 ± 1.83 a,b | 3,489,449.25 ± 1,054,370.87 b |
EA25 | 866.92 ± 439.16 a,b | 102.20 ± 46.66 b | 337.65 ± 177.64 a,b | 295.90 ± 144.08 | 45.11 ± 17.64 | 5.46 ± 2.15 a,b | 3,595,736.22 ± 750,844.13 a,b |
EA50 | 782.30 ± 553.90 b | 95.67 ± 74.44 | 279.38 ± 199.22 b | 207.51 ± 154.11 | 41.78 ± 12.15 | 4.50 ± 2.43 b | 3,315,501.00 ± 1,393,916.23 b |
Groups | Time (min) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 * | 15 ** | 30 ** | 60 ** | 120 ** | |
DC | 202.00 ± 21.64 | 307.00 ± 34.83 | 221.00 ± 46.40 | 180.25 ± 29.28 | 151.75 ± 21.18 |
DN | 172.92 ± 30.68 | 321.50 ± 45.00 | 211.33 ± 45.82 | 163.25 ± 32.80 | 135.08 ± 40.90 |
DH | 198.83 ± 29.01 | 352.08 ± 42.79 | 271.67 ± 64.94 b | 206.33 ± 26.74 b | 174.50 ± 30.22 |
EE25 | 210.67 ± 33.65 b | 366.25 ± 34.36 a | 265.36 ± 37.04 | 225.33 ± 41.17 a,b | 184.92 ± 30.76 b |
EE50 | 221.92 ± 25.65 b | 393.17 ± 36.36 a,b | 288.08 ± 30.46 a,b | 237.42 ± 36.05 a,b | 204.08 ± 31.34 a,b |
EA25 | 209.67 ± 34.99 b | 396.67 ± 33.01 a,b | 321.83 ± 36.36 a,b | 216.58 ± 25.96 b | 183.25 ± 29.76 b |
EA50 | 209.67 ± 29.78 b | 380.00 ± 52.52 a,b | 274.67 ± 54.68 b | 209.42 ± 30.87 b | 184.17 ± 40.38 b |
Groups | Time (min) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 * | 15 | 30 ** | 60 *** | |
DC | 181.82 ± 13.40 | 86.12 ± 10.69 | 74.92 ± 14.91 | 95.42 ± 31.87 |
DN | 199.00 ± 30.81 | 116.33 ± 28.51 | 95.42 ± 15.36 a | 123.25 ± 39.45 |
DH | 201.58 ± 18.77 | 86.18 ± 14.96 | 89.18 ± 11.66 | 130.09 ± 17.43 |
EE25 | 209.08 ± 16.82 | 88.75 ± 22.03 | 92.00 ± 8.89 | 143.75 ± 28.36 a |
EE50 | 247.42 ± 27.22 a,b,c,d | 86.82 ± 18.14 | 87.33 ± 14.29 | 135.25 ± 38.93 |
EA25 | 233.83 ± 30.29 a,b,c | 95.27 ± 40.17 | 87.09 ± 13.61 | 148.17 ± 42.61 a |
EA50 | 226.25 ± 24.86 a | 92.00 ± 29.12 | 81.73 ± 7.31 | 119.18 ± 21.27 |
Parameters (mg/dL) | Experimental Groups | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DN | DC | DH | EE25 | EE50 | EA25 | EA50 | |
Total cholesterol * | 174.33 ± 14.39 | 145.41 ± 17.05 | 207.92 ± 20.21 b | 236.53 ± 28.40 a,b | 231.68 ± 34.36 a,b | 228.00 ± 27.43 a,b | 243.71 ± 41.13 a,b,c |
LDL-c * | 25.69 ± 9.66 | 34.73 ± 19.96 | 41.79 ± 24.66 | 46.91 ± 13.69 | 81.44 ± 28.72 a,b | 63.64 ± 24.49 a | 92.60 ± 29.00 a,b,c |
HDL-c * | 111.08 ± 8.73 | 77.33 ± 7.67 | 138.79 ± 13.84 b | 152.74 ± 14.87 a,b,e,g | 118.49 ± 17.43 b | 134.19 ± 20.55 b | 119.20 ± 17.53 b |
Non-HDL * | 64.29 ± 9.39 | 63.92 ± 14.81 | 75.95 ± 24.47 | 78.51 ± 15.06 | 113.14 ± 27.58 a,b,c,d | 96.01 ± 24.93 a,b | 124.51 ± 31.11 a,b,c,d,f |
VLDL-c * | 37.86 ± 5.00 | 33.35 ± 4.34 | 34.16 ± 4.98 | 31.76 ± 3.73 a | 31.73 ± 4.95 a | 32.44 ± 4.13 | 31.91 ± 4.83 a |
Triglycerides ** | 189.29 ± 24.99 | 166.77 ± 21.72 | 170.79 ± 24.89 | 158.78 ± 18.67 a | 158.65 ± 24.75 a | 162.20 ± 20.67 | 159.54 ± 24.13 a |
Atherogenic index * | 1.58 ± 0.08 | 1.90 ± 0.28 a,c,d | 1.55 ± 0.17 | 1.55 ± 0.15 | 1.97 ± 0.25 a,c,d | 1.74 ± 0.26 | 1.99 ± 0.17 a,c,d |
Parameters | Experimental Groups | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DN | DC | DH | EE25 | EE50 | EA25 | EA50 | |
IL-6 * | 7.77 ± 3.92 | 4.87 ± 1.22 | 16.12 ± 16.60 | 5.97 ± 2.84 | 9.65 ± 5.27 | 7.89 ± 3.99 | 36.11 ± 37.16 b,c |
MCP-1 | 12.46 ± 2.04 | 13.69 ± 3.05 | 23.62 ± 10.02 d | 14.07 ± 5.61 | 12.45 ± 2.52 | 12.10 ± 3.33 | 13.93 ± 3.82 |
PAI-1 | 6148.50 ± 2119.77 | 4494.81 ± 2211.39 | 6037.90 ± 2034.07 | 5694.18 ± 2602.76 | 6515.00 ± 3422.14 | 7893.30 ± 4047.81 | 5052.20 ± 1647.79 |
TNF-α | 6.41 ± 1.36 | 6.74 ± 0.73 | 7.23 ± 1.62 | 5.92 ± 0.65 | 6.44 ± 0.91 | 6.28 ± 1.00 | 6.63 ± 1.12 |
Insulin ** | 183.87 ± 70.18 | 251.06 ± 133.25 | 419.91 ± 233.98 | 328.92 ± 161.64 | 464.95 ± 235.57 a | 370.23 ± 169.16 | 910.98 ± 415.21 a,b |
Leptin ** | 974.08 ± 728.57 | 512.75 ± 394.71 | 15,019.60 ± 11,375.73 a,b | 6145.16 ± 4467.20 b | 8797.24 ± 6874.92 b | 10,168.60 ± 7534.31 a,b | 19,221.45 ± 12,480.90 a,b |
Resistin ** | 834.89 ± 220.99 | 920.63 ± 205.49 | 2118.72 ± 1004.43 a,b | 1423.19 ± 406.24 | 1581.25 ± 730.71 | 2266.64 ± 1247.78 a,b | 2412.67 ± 963.52 a,b |
Parameters Evaluated | DC | DH | DN | EE25 | EE50 | EA25 | EA50 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changes in the Liver | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
Steatosis | ||||||||||||||
<5% | 13 | 100.0 | 11 | 84.6 | 12 | 100.0 | 10 | 83.3 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 11 | 91.7 |
5 to 33% | - | - | 2 | 15.4 | - | - | 2 | 16.7 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 8.3 |
34 to 66% | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
<66% | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Microvesicular steatosis | ||||||||||||||
Absent | 13 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 11 | 91.7 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 11 | 91.7 |
Presence | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 8.3 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 8.3 |
Lobular Inflammation | ||||||||||||||
Absent | 7 | 53.8 | 3 | 23.1 | 6 | 50.0 | 6 | 50.0 | 2 | 15.4 | 2 | 16.7 | 9 | 75.0 |
<2 focuses per 200× field | 6 | 46.2 | 9 | 69.2 | 6 | 50.0 | 6 | 50.0 | 10 | 76.9 | 10 | 83.3 | 3 | 25.0 |
2–4 focuses per 200× field | - | 1 | 7.7 | - | - | 1 | 7.7 | - | - | |||||
>4 focuses per 200× field | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Ballooning * | ||||||||||||||
Absent | 12 | 92.3 | 7 | 53.8 | 11 | 91.7 | 7 | 58.3 | 4 | 30.8 | 6 | 50.0 | 5 | 41.7 |
Few cells | 1 | 7.7 b | 6 | 46.2 ab | 1 | 8.3 b | 5 | 41.7 ab | 9 | 86.2 a | 6 | 50.0 ab | 7 | 58.2 |
Many cells | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Mallory’s Hyaline | ||||||||||||||
Absent | 13 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 |
Presence | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Apoptosis | ||||||||||||||
Absent | 10 | 76.9 | 9 | 69.2 | 9 | 75.0 | 8 | 66.7 | 6 | 46.2 | 8 | 66.7 | 8 | 66.7 |
Presence | 3 | 23.1 | 4 | 30.8 | 3 | 25.0 | 4 | 33.3 | 7 | 53.8 | 4 | 33.3 | 4 | 33.3 |
Glycogenated core | ||||||||||||||
None/rare | 13 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 |
Some | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Changes in the Pancreas | ||||||||||||||
Islet of Langerhans | ||||||||||||||
No change | 9 | 86.2 | 12 | 92.3 | 11 | 91.7 | 11 | 91.7 | 9 | 86.2 | 10 | 83.3 | 11 | 91.7 |
Mild atrophy | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Atrophy | 4 | 30.8 | 1 | 7.7 | 1 | 8.3 | 1 | 8.3 | 4 | 30.8 | 2 | 16.7 | 1 | 8.3 |
Mild hypertrophy | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Hypertrophy | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Pancreatic acini | ||||||||||||||
No change | 13 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 |
Necrosis/Atrophy | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Inflammatory cells | ||||||||||||||
No change | 13 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 12 | 100.0 |
Insulitis | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Perinsulitis | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
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Rodrigues, E.L.; Santana, L.F.; Nascimento, V.A.d.; Arakaki, M.A.; Cardoso, C.A.L.; Filiú, W.F.d.O.; Guimarães, R.d.C.A.; Hiane, P.A.; Freitas, K.d.C. Use of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Stem Bark Extracts to Prevent High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168889
Rodrigues EL, Santana LF, Nascimento VAd, Arakaki MA, Cardoso CAL, Filiú WFdO, Guimarães RdCA, Hiane PA, Freitas KdC. Use of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Stem Bark Extracts to Prevent High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Disorders in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168889
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigues, Elisana Lima, Lidiani Figueiredo Santana, Valter Aragão do Nascimento, Marcel Asato Arakaki, Claudia Andréa Lima Cardoso, Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú, Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães, Priscila Aiko Hiane, and Karine de Cássia Freitas. 2024. "Use of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Stem Bark Extracts to Prevent High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Disorders in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168889