Fungal Diversity and Gibberellin Hormones Associated with Long Whips of Smut-Infected Sugarcanes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Diversity of Fungal Communities Associated with Sugarcane Whip Lengths
2.2. Dominant Fungal Genera Associated with Long Stem and Whip
2.3. Regulation of Gibberellin and Its Association with Fungi and Whip Lengths
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling Site and Experiment Design
4.2. Conventional Isolation of Endophytic Fungi
4.3. DNA Isolation and ITS Region Amplification
4.4. ITS Sequencing of Isolated Fungi
4.5. Illumina Sequencing for Metagenomic Analysis
4.6. Alpha and Beta Diversity Analyses
4.7. Metabolomic Analysis of Targeted Metabolites
4.8. KEGG Annotation and Enrichment Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample\Estimators | Chao | Shannon | Simpson |
---|---|---|---|
Long stem (LS) | 58.95 | 1.66 | 0.34 |
Short stem (SS) | 103.88 | 2.31 | 0.19 |
Long whip (LW) | 38.05 | 0.25 | 0.90 |
Short whip (SW) | 38.92 | 0.38 | 0.84 |
No. | Isolated Fungi Code | PCR Amplicon Number | Type of Sugarcane | Identified Species | Plant Part |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | 2 | Long | Mucor irregularis | Stem |
2 | B | 4 | Long | Fusarium proliferatum | Stem |
3 | C | 5 | Long | Fusarium pseudocircinatum | whip |
4 | D | 6 | Long | Fusarium sp. DBF13KW4b | Stem |
5 | E | 7 | Long | Daldinia eschscholtzii | Stem |
6 | F | 8 | Long | Epicoccum sorghinum | Whip |
7 | G | 9 | Long | Mucor irregularis | Whip |
8 | H | 10 | Long | Fusarium fujikuroi | Whip |
9 | I | 11 | Long | Fusarium sp. ASR-126 | Whip |
10 | J | 12 | Long | Fusarium verticillioides | Whip |
11 | K | 13 | Short | Fusarium sp. ASR-126 | Whip |
12 | L | 14 | Short | Fusarium fujikuroi | Whip |
13 | M | 15 | Short | Fusarium sp. ASR-126 | Stem |
14 | N | 16 | Short | Fusarium temperatum | Stem |
15 | O | 17 | Short | Fusarium fujikuroi | Stem |
16 | P | 18 | Short | Fusarium proliferatum | Stem |
17 | Q | 19 | Short | Sarocladium sp. BAB-5555 | Stem |
18 | R | 20 | Short | Sporisorium scitamineum | Whip |
19 | S | 21 | Short | Mucoromycotina sp. | Stem |
20 | T | 22 | Short | Fusarium chlamydosporum | Whip |
21 | U | 23 | Positive Control | Sporisorium scitamineum | -- |
Metabolite | Long Stem (LS) | Short Stem (SS) | Short Whip (SW) | Long Whip (LW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GA20 | 0.81 ± 0.48 a | 0.14 ± 0.07 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.18 ± 0.10 a |
GA1 | 2.58 ± 1.59 b | 1.05 ± 0.14 b | 0.72 ± 0.19 b | 10.24 ± 6.96 a |
GA3 | 10.10 ± 9.24 b | 0.49 ± 0.69 c | 0.65 ± 0.92 c | 34.01 ± 46.38 a |
GA8 | 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.27 | 0.37 ± 0.37 b | 1.77 ± 1.70 a |
GA19 | 0.00 | 0.54 ± 0.77 | 1.51 ± 0.39 a | 1.42 ± 1.02 a |
GA4 | 0.003 ± 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.50 |
GA7 | 0.10 ± 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.54 ± 0.70 |
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Gillani, S.W.; Teng, L.; Khan, A.; Xu, Y.; Powell, C.A.; Zhang, M. Fungal Diversity and Gibberellin Hormones Associated with Long Whips of Smut-Infected Sugarcanes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169129
Gillani SW, Teng L, Khan A, Xu Y, Powell CA, Zhang M. Fungal Diversity and Gibberellin Hormones Associated with Long Whips of Smut-Infected Sugarcanes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):9129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169129
Chicago/Turabian StyleGillani, Syeda Wajeeha, Lixiu Teng, Abdullah Khan, Yuzhi Xu, Charles A. Powell, and Muqing Zhang. 2024. "Fungal Diversity and Gibberellin Hormones Associated with Long Whips of Smut-Infected Sugarcanes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 9129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169129