Impact of Alcalase Hydrolysis and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Release of Bioactive Peptides from Erythrina edulis (Chachafruto) Proteins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Chachafruto Seed Protein Concentrate (CPC)
2.2. Characterization of Chachafruto Protein Concentrate Hydrolyzate (HES)
2.3. Behavior of Chachafruto Protein Concentrate Hydrolysate (HES) under Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion
2.4. Effect of Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Antioxidant Activity of Chachafruto Protein Hydrolyzate (HES)
2.5. Impact of Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Modulatory Effects of HES in an Immune Cell Model
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Preparation of Chachafruto Seed Protein Concentrate (CPC)
3.2. Enzymatic Hydrolysis CPC
3.3. Characterization of the Chachafruto Protein Hydrolyzate (HES)
3.3.1. Degree of Hydrolysis (DH)
3.3.2. Amino Acid Content
3.3.3. Electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) of Chachafruto Seed Protein Hydrolyzate (HES)
3.4. Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion
3.5. Distribution of Molecular Weight
3.6. Antioxidant Activity by Biochemical Assays
3.7. Protective Effects in Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells
3.7.1. Cell Culture
3.7.2. Effects on Cell Viability
3.7.3. Effects on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
3.7.4. Effects on Nitric Oxide (NO) Levels
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amino Acid | Content (g/100 g Protein) | Content (g/100 g Product) | FAO Recommendations |
---|---|---|---|
Essential | |||
Lys | 2.99 ± 0.08 | 2.18 ± 0.06 | 5.20 |
Trp | n.d. | n.d. | 0.70 |
Phe | 3.56 ± 0.09 | 2.59 ± 0.06 | 4.60 a |
Tyr | 3.77 ± 0.15 | 2.75 ± 0.11 | |
Met | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 2.60 b |
Cys | 0.64 ± 0.10 | 0.47 ± 0.08 | |
Thr | 2.21 ± 0.14 | 1.61 ± 0.10 | 2.70 |
Leu | 6.10 ± 0.20 | 4.45 ± 0.15 | 6.30 |
Ile | 2.15 ± 0.09 | 1.57 ± 0.07 | 3.10 |
Val | 2.96 ± 0.10 | 2.16 ± 0.07 | 4.20 |
Non-essential | |||
Asx a | 7.49 ± 0.29 | 5.46 ± 0.21 | |
Glx b | 9.48 ± 0.35 | 6.91 ± 0.25 | |
Ser | 3.85 ± 0.17 | 2.81 ± 0.12 | |
His | 1.35 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.03 | |
Arg | 3.06 ± 0.08 | 2.23 ± 0.06 | |
Ala | 2.77 ± 0.07 | 2.02 ± 0.05 | |
Pro | 3.80 ± 0.06 | 2.77 ± 0.04 | |
Gly | 2.98 ± 0.11 | 2.17 ± 0.08 | |
EAA | 25.20 | 18.38 | |
NEAA | 34.78 | 25.35 | |
TAA | 59.98 | 43.73 | |
EAA × 100/TAA (%) | 42.0 | ||
EAA × 100/NEAA (%) | 72.5 | ||
HAA | 26.57 | 19.37 | |
AAA | 7.32 | 5.34 | |
HAA × 100/TAA (%) | 44.3 | ||
AAA × 100/TAA (%) | 12.2 |
SAMPLE | TEAC (μmol TE/mg Protein) | ORAC (μmol TE/mg Protein) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole Sample | F > 10 kDa | F 3–10 kDa | F < 3 kDa | Whole Sample | F > 10 kDa | F 3–10 kDa | F < 3 kDa | |
HES | 0.64 ± 0.04 a | 0.42 ± 0.01 b,e | 0.43 ± 0.02 c,e | 0.74 ± 0.03 d | 1.95 ± 0.11 a | 1.31 ± 0.02 b | 1.48 ± 0.01 c | 3.08 ± 0.10 d |
GD-HES | 0.73 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.001 b,d | 0.37 ± 0.004 c,d | 0.72 ± 0.004 a | 2.72 ± 0.22 a | 1.02 ± 0.09 b | 1.22 ± 0.07 c | 2.27 ± 0.02 d |
GID-HES | 0.68 ± 0.01 a | 0.33 ± 0.004 b,d | 0.34 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.56 ± 0.01 a | 2.96 ± 0.07 a | 1.23 ± 0.08 b | 1.17 ± 0.01 c | 2.46 ± 0.11 d |
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Correa, J.L.; Zapata, J.E.; Hernández-Ledesma, B. Impact of Alcalase Hydrolysis and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Release of Bioactive Peptides from Erythrina edulis (Chachafruto) Proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179290
Correa JL, Zapata JE, Hernández-Ledesma B. Impact of Alcalase Hydrolysis and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Release of Bioactive Peptides from Erythrina edulis (Chachafruto) Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179290
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorrea, Jessica L., José Edgar Zapata, and Blanca Hernández-Ledesma. 2024. "Impact of Alcalase Hydrolysis and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Release of Bioactive Peptides from Erythrina edulis (Chachafruto) Proteins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179290