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Article

Bioprinted High-Cell-Density Laminar Scaffolds Stimulate Extracellular Matrix Production in Osteochondral Co-Cultures

by
Aidan Bowes
1,2,
Amy Collins
3,
Fiona Oakley
3,
Piergiorgio Gentile
1,
Ana Marina Ferreira
1 and
Kenny Dalgarno
1,*
1
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
2
Faculty of Technology, Sunderland University, Sunderland SR6 0DD, UK
3
Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(20), 11131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011131
Submission received: 27 August 2024 / Revised: 3 October 2024 / Accepted: 9 October 2024 / Published: 17 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development in Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)
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Abstract

Many tissues have a laminar structure, but there are limited technologies for establishing laminar co-cultures for in vitro testing. Here, we demonstrate that collagen–alginate–fibrin (CAF) hydrogel scaffolds produced using the reactive jet impingement bioprinting technique can produce osteochondral laminar co-cultures with well-defined interfaces between cell types and high cell densities to support cell–cell interaction across the interfaces. The influence of cell density and the presence of the two cell types on the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the emergent mechanical properties of gels is investigated using IHC, ELISA, gel mass, and the compression modulus. The results indicate that high-cell-density cultures and co-cultures with these specific cell types produce greater levels of ECM and a more biomimetic in vitro culture than low-cell-density cultures. In laminar scaffolds produced using TC28a2 chondrocytes and SaoS-2 osteoblasts, both cell density and the presence of the two cell types enhance ECM production and the mechanical properties of the cultures, presenting a promising approach for the production of more biomimetic in vitro models.
Keywords: biphasic scaffold; collagen–alginate–fibrin hydrogel; bioprinting; osteochondral model; co-culture; in vitro ECM production; cell density biphasic scaffold; collagen–alginate–fibrin hydrogel; bioprinting; osteochondral model; co-culture; in vitro ECM production; cell density

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bowes, A.; Collins, A.; Oakley, F.; Gentile, P.; Ferreira, A.M.; Dalgarno, K. Bioprinted High-Cell-Density Laminar Scaffolds Stimulate Extracellular Matrix Production in Osteochondral Co-Cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 11131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011131

AMA Style

Bowes A, Collins A, Oakley F, Gentile P, Ferreira AM, Dalgarno K. Bioprinted High-Cell-Density Laminar Scaffolds Stimulate Extracellular Matrix Production in Osteochondral Co-Cultures. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(20):11131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011131

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bowes, Aidan, Amy Collins, Fiona Oakley, Piergiorgio Gentile, Ana Marina Ferreira, and Kenny Dalgarno. 2024. "Bioprinted High-Cell-Density Laminar Scaffolds Stimulate Extracellular Matrix Production in Osteochondral Co-Cultures" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 20: 11131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011131

APA Style

Bowes, A., Collins, A., Oakley, F., Gentile, P., Ferreira, A. M., & Dalgarno, K. (2024). Bioprinted High-Cell-Density Laminar Scaffolds Stimulate Extracellular Matrix Production in Osteochondral Co-Cultures. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(20), 11131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011131

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