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Article

Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice

by
Yeon-Jun Lee
1,†,
Yanni Pan
1,†,
Daewoo Lim
1,
Seung-Hwan Park
2,
Sin-Il Sin
2,
KyuBum Kwack
1,* and
Kun-Young Park
3,*
1
Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
2
Agriculture Research Center for Carbon Neutral and Healing, Gurye-gun 57607, Republic of Korea
3
Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031650
Submission received: 30 December 2023 / Revised: 24 January 2024 / Accepted: 26 January 2024 / Published: 29 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Signaling Pathways Involved in Gastrointestinal Diseases)
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Abstract

This study aimed to determine the alleviating effect of broccoli grown with deep sea water mineral (DSWM) fertilizer extracted from deep sea water on the development of colorectal cancer in C57BL/6N mice treated with AOM/DSS. Naturaldream Fertilizer Broccoli (NFB) cultured with deep sea water minerals (DSWM) showed a higher antioxidant effect and mineral content. In addition, orally administered NFB, showed a level of recovery in the colon and spleen tissues of mice compared with those in normal mice through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Orally administered NFB showed the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokine factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-12 while increasing the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB in the liver tissue was inhibited, and that of inflammatory enzymes, such as COX-2 and iNOS, was reduced. In the colon tissue, the expression of p53 and p21 associated with cell cycle arrest increased, and that of Bcl-2 associated with apoptosis decreased. Additionally, the expression of Bax, Bad, Bim, Bak, caspase 9, and caspase 3 increased, indicating enhanced activation of apoptosis-related factors. These results demonstrate that oral administration of broccoli cultivated using DSWM significantly restores spleen and colon tissues and simultaneously inhibits the NF-κB pathway while significantly decreasing cytokine expression. Moreover, by inducing cell cycle arrest and activating cell apoptosis, they also suggest alleviating AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer symptoms in C57BL/6N mice.
Keywords: broccoli; cultivation; deep sea water minerals; colon cancer; anticancer broccoli; cultivation; deep sea water minerals; colon cancer; anticancer

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, Y.-J.; Pan, Y.; Lim, D.; Park, S.-H.; Sin, S.-I.; Kwack, K.; Park, K.-Y. Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031650

AMA Style

Lee Y-J, Pan Y, Lim D, Park S-H, Sin S-I, Kwack K, Park K-Y. Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031650

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Yeon-Jun, Yanni Pan, Daewoo Lim, Seung-Hwan Park, Sin-Il Sin, KyuBum Kwack, and Kun-Young Park. 2024. "Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031650

APA Style

Lee, Y.-J., Pan, Y., Lim, D., Park, S.-H., Sin, S.-I., Kwack, K., & Park, K.-Y. (2024). Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(3), 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031650

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