Disentangling the Genetic Relationships of Three Closely Related Bandicoot Species across Southern and Western Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection, Microsatellite Genotyping, and Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.2.2. Population Level Analysis
2.2.3. Genetic Variation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Genetic Data Quality Assessment
3.2. Phylogeographic Structure across Southern and Western Australia
3.3. Population-Level Analysis
3.4. Population Genetic Diversity
4. Discussion
4.1. Distinction between I. fusciventer, I. auratus, and I. obesulus (SA)
4.2. Lack of Clarity on the Taxonomic Relationship of SA I. obesulus from Current Genetic Data
4.3. Genetic Diversity and Population Substructure
4.4. Recommendations for Conservation Management
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Comparison | Source of Variation | Variance Components | Percentage | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
BWI, KIMI, KIMM | Among population | 2.1 | 48.3 | <0.001 |
Within population | 2.3 | 51.7 | ||
Perth metro, SW WA Coast, | Among population | 1.7 | 27.9 | <0.001 |
SW WA inland | Within population | 4.3 | 72.1 | |
MLR, FP, KI | Among population | 5.6 | 73.3 | <0.001 |
Within population | 2.0 | 26.7 | ||
LG, The Grampians, Mount Burr | Among population | 1.0 | 51.6 | <0.001 |
Within population | 1.0 | 48.4 |
WA | SA | VIC | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Sampling Site | Barrow Island | Kimberley Islands | Kimberley Mainland | Perth Metro | SW WA Coast | SW WA Inland | Kangaroo Island | Fleurieu Peninsula | Mount Lofty Ranges | The Grampians | Lower Glenelg | Mount Burr |
WA | Barrow Island | ─ | 0.436 | 0.478 | 0.701 | 0.682 | 0.902 | 0.817 | 0.817 | 0.868 | 0.862 | 0.783 | |
Kimberley islands | 0.391 | ─ | 0.331 | 0.791 | 0.821 | 0.888 | 0.895 | 0.877 | 0.874 | 0.876 | 0.764 | ||
Kimberley mainland | 0.495 | 0.462 | ─ | 0.656 | 0.623 | 0.788 | 0.776 | 0.761 | 0.785 | 0.846 | 0.705 | ||
Perth metro | 0.471 | 0.435 | 0.579 | ─ | 0.111 | 0.611 | 0.550 | 0.423 | 0.853 | 0.880 | 0.792 | ||
SW WA Coast | 0.582 | 0.533 | 0.685 | 0.318 | ─ | 0.602 | 0.450 | 0.359 | 0.783 | 0.894 | 0.778 | ||
SW WA inland | 0.437 | 0.389 | 0.564 | 0.262 | 0.231 | ─ | |||||||
SA | Kangaroo Island | 0.815 | 0.711 | 0.781 | 0.502 | 0.646 | 0.579 | ─ | 0.503 | 0.535 | 0.894 | 0.970 | 0.899 |
Fleurieu Peninsula | 0.558 | 0.465 | 0.66 | 0.424 | 0.565 | 0.375 | 0.922 | ─ | 0.183 | 0.870 | 0.971 | 0.895 | |
Mount Lofty Ranges | 0.400 | 0.284 | 0.445 | 0.415 | 0.520 | 0.383 | 0.754 | 0.404 | ─ | 0.913 | 0.960 | 0.896 | |
VIC | Grampians | 0.869 | 0.824 | 0.843 | 0.739 | 0.804 | 0.756 | 0.971 | 0.933 | 0.828 | ─ | 0.303 | 0.302 |
Lower Glenelg | 0.877 | 0.835 | 0.843 | 0.751 | 0.824 | 0.765 | 0.981 | 0.946 | 0.846 | 0.765 | ─ | 0.177 | |
Mount Burr | 0.778 | 0.746 | 0.803 | 0.703 | 0.744 | 0.687 | 0.899 | 0.830 | 0.747 | 0.555 | 0.085 | ─ |
State | Region | Location | N D-loop | Nh | uh | h | ∏ | N | H | Ar | A | FIS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WA | 159 | 61 | 61 | 0.916 ± 0.017 | 0.023 ± 0.011 | 172 | 0.835 ± 0.030 | 18.1 ± 2.2 | 19.0 ± 2.3 | ||||
North WA | 87 | 36 | 36 | 0.761 ± 0.051 | 0.013 ± 0.007 | 109 | 0.744 ± 0.064 A,C | 13.1 ± 1.7 A | 15.0 ± 2.0 A | ||||
Barrow Island | 11 | 7 | 7 | 0.873 ± 0.089 | 0.010 ± 0.006 | 77 | 0.642 ± 0.084 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 0.056 | |||
Kimberley Island | 11 | 8 | 8 | 0.927 ± 0.067 | 0.015 ± 0.009 | 16 | 0.649 ± 0.051 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 0.277 | |||
Kimberley mainland | 65 | 21 | 21 | 0.585 ± 0.075 | 0.008 ± 0.005 | 16 | 0.861 ± 0.030 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 10.8 ± 1.5 | 0.075 | |||
South WA | 71 | 25 | 25 | 0.939 ± 0.014 | 0.021 ± 0.011 | 63 | 0.786 ± 0.044 A | 12.0 ± 1.7 A | 12.1 ± 1.8 A | ||||
Perth metro | 40 | 12 | 10 | 0.853 ± 0.039 | 0.018 ± 0.009 | 39 | 0.759 ± 0.051 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 9.6 ± 1.0 | 0.175 | |||
South West Coast | 13 | 5 | 3 | 0.782 ± 0.079 | 0.016 ± 0.009 | 7 | 0.767 ± 0.071 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 0.231 | |||
South West inland | 19 | 10 | 10 | 0.906 ± 0.041 | 0.017 ± 0.009 | 17 | 0.787 ± 0.030 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 0.128 | |||
SA | 21 | 9 | 9 | 0.857 ± 0.056 | 0.023 ± 0.012 | 373 | 0.623 ± 0.050 B | 5.7 ± 0.7 B | 6.9 ± 0.8 B | ||||
Mount Lofty Ranges | 9 | 4 | 4 | 0.778 ± 0.110 | 0.015 ± 0.009 | 311 | 0.597 ± 0.052 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 0.251 | |||
Fleurieu Peninsula | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0.833 ± 0.222 | 0.008 ± 0.006 | 45 | 0.567 ± 0.056 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 0.458 | |||
Kangaroo Island | 8 | 2 | 2 | 0.250 ± 0.180 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 17 | 0.422 ± 0.079 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.230 | |||
VIC | 38 | 7 | 7 | 0.634 ± 0.060 | 0.008 ± 0.005 | 186 | 0.627 ± 0.059 B,C | 5.8 ± 0.5 B | 6.7 ± 0.6 B | ||||
Grampians | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0.182 ± 0.144 | 0.002 ± 0.002 | 27 | 0.486 ± 0.078 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 0.243 | |||
Lower Glenelg | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0.167 ± 0.134 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 12 | 0.444 ± 0.098 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 0.353 | |||
Mount Burr | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0.327 ± 0.153 | 0.009 ± 0.005 | 147 | 0.612 ± 0.057 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 0.290 |
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Thavornkanlapachai, R.; Levy, E.; Li, Y.; Cooper, S.J.B.; Byrne, M.; Ottewell, K. Disentangling the Genetic Relationships of Three Closely Related Bandicoot Species across Southern and Western Australia. Diversity 2021, 13, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13010002
Thavornkanlapachai R, Levy E, Li Y, Cooper SJB, Byrne M, Ottewell K. Disentangling the Genetic Relationships of Three Closely Related Bandicoot Species across Southern and Western Australia. Diversity. 2021; 13(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleThavornkanlapachai, Rujiporn, Esther Levy, You Li, Steven J. B. Cooper, Margaret Byrne, and Kym Ottewell. 2021. "Disentangling the Genetic Relationships of Three Closely Related Bandicoot Species across Southern and Western Australia" Diversity 13, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13010002