Biodiversity and Environmental Factors Structuring Diatom Assemblages of Mineral Saline Springs in the French Massif Central
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Diatom Sampling and Physical and Chemical Analysis
2.3. Slide Preparation and Microscopy
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Statistical Analyses on the Physical and Chemical Variables
2.4.2. Diatoms Data Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics
3.2. Diatom Composition and Diversity: Influence of the Environmental Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Saline Springs
4.2. Diatom Structure and Composition
4.3. Environmental Variables Associated with Diatom Assemblages
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Variables | Mean (±SD) |
---|---|
Conductivity (µS cm−1) | 6073.85 ± 2112.00 |
pH (pH unit) | 6.87 ± 0.47 |
Water temperature (°C) | 16.82 ± 8.24 |
TDS (mg L−1) | 5025.80 ± 1665.47 |
Li+ | 6.03 ± 4.08 |
Na+ | 1065.66 ± 541.40 |
NH4+ | 1.12 ± 0.78 |
K+ | 125.52 ± 63.71 |
Mg2+ | 124.63 ± 81.93 |
Ca2+ | 209.73 ± 147.31 |
F− | 1.18 ± 1.33 |
Cl− | 996.88 ± 774.70 |
Br- | 2.27 ± 1.88 |
NO3− | 0.91 ± 2.92 |
PO43− | 0.15 ± 0.59 |
SO42− | 176.16 ± 243.02 |
HCO3− | 2312.70 ± 749.37 |
Variable | p-Value |
---|---|
Li+ | <0.0001 |
Na+ | <0.0001 |
NH4+ | 0.000 |
K+ | <0.0001 |
Mg2+ | 0.106 |
Ca2+ | 0.896 |
F− | 0.052 |
Cl− | <0.0001 |
Br− | <0.0001 |
NO3− | 0.848 |
PO43- | 0.009 |
SO42− | 0.229 |
HCO3− | <0.0001 |
Conductivity | <0.0001 |
pH | <0.0001 |
Water temperature | <0.0001 |
TDS | <0.0001 |
Variables | Natural Springs | “Artificial” Springs |
---|---|---|
S | 18.94 ± 12.66 | 8.60 ± 6.21 |
S.chao1 | 26.90 ± 24.02 | 10.73 ± 8.54 |
Shannon index | 1.57 ± 0.76 | 0.91 ± 0.51 |
Piélou index | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.06 |
Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Li+ (mg L−1) | [1.04–5.80) | [5.8–11.30) | ≥11.3 |
Na+ (mg L−1) | [185.77–1178.70) | [1178.7–1833.50) | ≥1833.5 |
K+ (mg L−1) | [10.46–94.07) | [94.07–165.44) | ≥164.44 |
Ca2+ (mg L−1) | [11.58–207.50) | [207.5–410.38) | ≥410.38 |
Cl− (mg L−1) | [24.88–1118.89) | [1118.89–2066.06) | ≥2066.06 |
Br− (mg L−1) | [0–1.44) | [1.44–3.81) | ≥3.81 |
F− (mg L−1) | [0.092–3.49) | ≥3.49 | |
TDS | [3018–5175) | [5175–7195) | ≥7195 |
Conductivity (µS cm−1) | [3340-6350) | [6350–9220) | ≥9220 |
pH | [6.12–6.82) | [6.82–7.56) | ≥7.56 |
Variables | Species Richness (p-Value) | Estimated Richness (p-Value) | Shannon Index (p-Value) | Piélou Index (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Li+ | 0.048 | 0.118 | 0.036 | 0.003 |
Na+ | 0.019 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.010 |
K+ | 0.181 | 0.384 | 0.640 | 0.063 |
Ca2+ | 0.578 | 0.525 | 0.335 | 0.617 |
Cl− | 0.160 | 0.265 | 0.309 | 0.171 |
Br− | 0.103 | 0.084 | 0.303 | 0.626 |
F− | 0.139 | 0.089 | 0.094 | 0.911 |
TDS | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.035 |
Conductivity | 0.020 | 0.054 | 0.045 | 0.005 |
pH | 0.172 | 0.394 | 0.061 | 0.159 |
Indicator Species | Observed Indicator Value (IV) | Mean | S.dev | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lithium (mg L−1) | ||||
[1.04–5.8) | ||||
Crenotia angustior | 32.2 | 14.8 | 5.63 | 0.0150 |
Planothidium frequentissimum | 44.2 | 29.3 | 4.81 | 0.0067 |
≥11.3 | ||||
Fragilaria famelica | 27.3 | 17.9 | 5.51 | 0.0701 |
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 61.6 | 11.6 | 5.04 | 0.0017 |
Nitzschia communis | 28.7 | 14.0 | 5.36 | 0.0234 |
Sodium (mg L−1) | ||||
[185.77–1178.7) | ||||
Crenotia angustior | 35.3 | 14.8 | 5.55 | 0.0117 |
Planothidium frequentissimum | 49.4 | 29.6 | 5.11 | 0.0050 |
≥1833.5 | ||||
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 47.6 | 12.4 | 5.61 | 0.0017 |
Nitzschia valdecostata | 25.4 | 13.8 | 5.49 | 0.0484 |
Potassium (mg L−1) | ||||
≥164.44 | ||||
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 36.4 | 10.6 | 3.81 | 0.0010 |
Navicula sanctamargaritae | 41.5 | 31.7 | 3.07 | 0.0080 |
Calcium (mg L−1) | ||||
≥410.38 | ||||
Crenotia angustior | 45.3 | 15.3 | 6.01 | 0.0030 |
Sellaphora labernardierei | 33.1 | 15.0 | 5.63 | 0.0140 |
Chloride (mg L−1) | ||||
[1118.89–2066.06) | ||||
Planothidium frequentissimum | 44.1 | 29.6 | 4.79 | 0.0140 |
≥2066.06 | ||||
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 42.4 | 12.1 | 5.23 | 0.0020 |
Bromine (mg L −1) | ||||
[0–1.44) | ||||
Planothidium frequentissimum | 44.0 | 28.0 | 3.77 | 0.0010 |
Sellaphora labernardierei | 30.5 | 13.7 | 4.13 | 0.0030 |
[1.44–3.81) | ||||
Surirella patella | 45.8 | 21.1 | 4.28 | 0.0010 |
≥3.81 mg L−1 | ||||
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 33.5 | 10.5 | 3.85 | 0.0020 |
TDS (mg L−1) | ||||
[3018–5175) | ||||
Planothidium frequentissimum | 55.9 | 28.9 | 4.62 | 0.0010 |
≥7195 | ||||
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 33.1 | 11.6 | 4.99 | 0.0050 |
Conductivity (µS cm−1) | ||||
[3340–6350) | ||||
Crenotia angustior | 28.8 | 15.5 | 6.36 | 0.0451 |
Planothidium frequentissimum | 55.1 | 30.0 | 5.47 | 0.0017 |
≥9220 µS cm−1 | ||||
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 59.5 | 12.6 | 6.46 | 0.0017 |
pH | ||||
[6.12–6.82) | ||||
Crenotia angustior | 41.2 | 15.4 | 6.58 | 0.0117 |
Planothidium frequentissimum | 44.0 | 30.1 | 5.70 | 0.0351 |
[6.82–7.56) | ||||
Crenotia thermalis | 44.8 | 33.4 | 4.03 | 0.0017 |
≥7.56 | ||||
Halamphora coffeaeformis | 31.7 | 12.8 | 6.37 | 0.0250 |
Navicula veneta | 56.1 | 25.5 | 6.63 | 0.0033 |
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Beauger, A.; Voldoire, O.; Allain, E.; Gosseaume, P.; Blavignac, C.; Baker, L.-A.; Wetzel, C.E. Biodiversity and Environmental Factors Structuring Diatom Assemblages of Mineral Saline Springs in the French Massif Central. Diversity 2023, 15, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020283
Beauger A, Voldoire O, Allain E, Gosseaume P, Blavignac C, Baker L-A, Wetzel CE. Biodiversity and Environmental Factors Structuring Diatom Assemblages of Mineral Saline Springs in the French Massif Central. Diversity. 2023; 15(2):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020283
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeauger, Aude, Olivier Voldoire, Elisabeth Allain, Pierre Gosseaume, Christelle Blavignac, Lory-Anne Baker, and Carlos E. Wetzel. 2023. "Biodiversity and Environmental Factors Structuring Diatom Assemblages of Mineral Saline Springs in the French Massif Central" Diversity 15, no. 2: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020283
APA StyleBeauger, A., Voldoire, O., Allain, E., Gosseaume, P., Blavignac, C., Baker, L. -A., & Wetzel, C. E. (2023). Biodiversity and Environmental Factors Structuring Diatom Assemblages of Mineral Saline Springs in the French Massif Central. Diversity, 15(2), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020283