Autophagy: Are Amino Acid Signals Dependent on the mTORC1 Pathway or Independent?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Autophagy
2.1. Classification of Autophagy
2.2. Characteristics of Autophagy
2.3. Process of Autophagy
2.4. Regulation of Autophagy
3. Autophagy: Amino Acid Signals Dependent on mTORC1 Pathway
3.1. Lys in Regulating Autophagy with mTORC1 Pathway
3.2. Leu in Regulating Autophagy with mTORC1 Pathway
3.3. Arg in Regulating Autophagy with mTORC1 Pathway
3.4. Gln in Regulating Autophagy with mTORC1 Pathway
Amino Acids | Treatment | Samples | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lys | 10 mM Lys treated for 30 min | C2C12 | Suppressed autophagy, activated mTORC1 | [60,63] |
Rats fed with 10% casein diet supplemented by Lys | Rat muscle | Suppressed autophagy, activated mTORC1 | [79] | |
Leu | 10 mM Leu treated for 30 min | C2C12 | Suppressed autophagy, activated mTORC1 | [60,63] |
Fasted mice administered an oral gavage of Leu (1.35 g/kg BW) | Mouse muscle | Increased protein synthesis and mTORC1 | [64] | |
Fasted pigs were infused intra-arterially with Leu (0, 200, or 400 μmol/kg/h) | Pig muscle | Increased protein synthesis and mTORC1 | [70] | |
Oral administration of Leu in fasted rats | Rat muscle | Increased protein synthesis and mTORC1 | [71,80] | |
Arg | Medium Arg deficiency | Melanoma cells | Induced autophagy, restricted mTORC1 | [73] |
Diet Arg supplementation in heat-stress-treated rats | Rat intestine | Induced autophagy, restricted mTORC1 | [74] | |
Medium Arg supplementation in heat-stress-treated IEC-6 | IEC-6 | Induced autophagy, restricted mTORC1 | [74] | |
Arg-treated skin fibroblasts isolated from GM2 gangliosidosis | Skin fibroblasts | Recovered autophagy and mTORC1 | [75] | |
Gln | Gln-treated MEFs and HepG2 cells under amino acid starvation | MEFs and HepG2 cells | Restored autophagy and mTORC1 | [77] |
Gln deprivation treated IPEC-1 | IPEC-1 | Induced autophagy, restricted mTORC1 | [78] |
4. Autophagy: Amino Acid Signals Independent of mTORC1 Pathway
4.1. Lys in Regulating Autophagy without mTORC1 Pathway
4.2. Leu in Regulating Autophagy without mTORC1 Pathway
Amino Acids | Treatment | Samples | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lys | Oral administration of Lys (114 mg/100 g BW, sufficient) in fasted rats | Rat muscle | Suppressed autophagy, unchanged mTORC1 | [59] |
10 mM Lys treated for 30 min | C2C12 | Suppressed autophagy and AMPK | [60] | |
SAMP8 fed with 3.0% Lys diet | SAMP8 | Suppressed autophagy, unchanged mTORC1 | [61] | |
Leu | 10 mM-Leu-treated for 30 min | C2C12 | Suppressed autophagy and AMPK | [60] |
MiR-20a- and miR-106b-treated Leu deficiency medium pre-cultured C2C12 | C2C12 | Suppressed autophagy, unchanged mTORC1 | [67] | |
Old rats fed a 15% protein diet supplemented with 4.5% leucine | Rat muscle | Suppressed autophagy, unchanged mTORC1 | [82] | |
Leu-deficiency-treated C2C12 | C2C12 | Induced autophagy, unchanged mTORC1 | [84] | |
Arg | Medium Arg deficiency | Melanoma cells | Induced autophagy, activated AMPK | [73] |
IFN-γ treated BMECs | BMECs | Decreased Arg content, increased GCN2 pathway and autophagy | [85] | |
Arg-deficiency-treated H4-II-E and Hep G2 cells | H4-II-E and Hep G2 cells | Induced autophagy, activated NO pathway | [86,87] | |
Gln | Atg5 or Atg7 knockdown HeLa cells with Gln supplementation | HeLa cells | Suppressed autophagy, unchanged mTORC1 | [88] |
Gln-deficiency-treated porcine-circovirus-type-2-infected mice and PK 15 cells | Mice and PK 15 cells | Induced autophagy, activated JAK2/STAT3 | [89] |
4.3. Arg in Regulating Autophagy without mTORC1 Pathway
4.4. Gln in Regulating Autophagy without mTORC1 Pathway
5. Defects in Studies on Amino-Acid-Regulated Autophagy
6. Summary and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jin, C.; Zhu, M.; Ye, J.; Song, Z.; Zheng, C.; Chen, W. Autophagy: Are Amino Acid Signals Dependent on the mTORC1 Pathway or Independent? Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 8780-8793. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080519
Jin C, Zhu M, Ye J, Song Z, Zheng C, Chen W. Autophagy: Are Amino Acid Signals Dependent on the mTORC1 Pathway or Independent? Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(8):8780-8793. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080519
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Chenglong, Min Zhu, Jinling Ye, Zhiwen Song, Chuntian Zheng, and Wei Chen. 2024. "Autophagy: Are Amino Acid Signals Dependent on the mTORC1 Pathway or Independent?" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 8: 8780-8793. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080519